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Summary of Politics Of The EU
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- Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Summary of Politics Of The EU
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1. Comment14 May 2020 at 21:28:59
Less obvious today, since wars
are far in the past
2. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:29:30
Due to tensions between Western
capitalism and Eastern
communism
3. Comment
14 May 2020 at 22:25:03
State interest as decisive factors
Cooperation only occurred when
large amounts of national income Part 1 - Background
came from outside (required
larger markets than own territory)
European Integration Pre-EU
4. Comment
14 May 2020 at 20:35:04 Background of European integration:
Travelled to Canada 1907-14: 1 2 • Aim: peace-building through economic cooperation in mixed economy
noticed successful economic 3 • Federalist school of thought (though intergovernmental pragmatism)
collaboration despite differences 4 • Influence: Jean Monet
between regions
Congress of Europe (1948, The Hague)
Drafts plan on coal/steel 5 • Outcome: Council of Europe
cooperation
6 European Communities (predecessor to EU)
5. Comment 7 • Schuman plan (1950): unify coal and steel
14 May 2020 at 20:36:55 • High authority: group of experts working as supranational organization
Separate from EU • Main components:
8 9 • European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (1951 - 2002)
Focus on human rights • Treaties of Rome:
10 • European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) (1957)
6. Comment 11 • European Economic Community (EEC) (1957/58)
14 May 2020 at 21:30:36 • Other policies:
Merged into one institution in • Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
1965/67 • Common Commercial Policy (CCP)
12 13 • (Unratified) European Defense Community (EDC)
7. Comment • Timeline of main events:
14 May 2020 at 20:38:46
14 • 1965: empty chair crisis
Considered origin of EU 15 • Luxembourg compromise (1966)
16 • 1970s: economic difficulties, legal developments
Schuman drew on:
17 • 1980s: massive integration
- Monet method (incremental
• Single European Act (1986)
collaboration in specific areas)
18 19 • Objective of single market by 1992
- Personal experience (from
20 • Increased QMV (can overpower vetoes)
Alsac-Lorraine, which moved
21 • Schengen Agreement (1985)
between Germany and France)
8. Comment
14 May 2020 at 20:47:48 The European Union
Supervision (know how much
there is at any given time) History:
• Triggered by end of Cold war
Accelerated by US patronage • Legal timeline:
(wanted to maintain strong • Treaty of Maastricht (1992/93): established EU in 3 pillars:
alliance during Cold War/Korean • European Communities
War • Common Foreign and Security Policy
• Justice and Home Affairs
9. Comment • Treaty of Amsterdam (1997/99)
14 May 2020 at 20:43:48 • Extended co-decision procedure (more power to EP)
Stipulated at least 50 years
Later included into EU
10. Comment
14 May 2020 at 20:49:10
Supervision (know availability of
atomic energy any given time)
Also for nuclear weapons
11. Comment
14 May 2020 at 20:50:50
Common market: customs union
with common tariffs
,12. Comment
14 May 2020 at 20:53:47
Not passed in national
parliaments
13. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:58:35
Aimed at containing possible
rearmament of West Germany +
prevent it from becoming NATO
member
14. Comment
14 May 2020 at 20:57:33
France opposed to idea of
“supranational common market”
Missed deadline → banned from
council → empty chair for 6
months (France suffered
economically) → paralyzed
institutions
15. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:00:59
Members receive informal veto
right when majority decisions
might affect crucial national
interests
Major setback for federalist vision
E.g. France vetoed UKs entry into
EEC (feared it would threaten
CAP)
16. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:02:21
Recession, inflation, oil crisis
17. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:11:38
More support for liberalization
(offset economic stagnation)
18. Comment
14 May 2020 at 22:12:45
Created by Delors Commission
19. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:24:33
Where most internal economic
barriers have been abolished
Core of EU
20. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:12:31
Qualified majority vote
21. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:04:18
Remove internal borders (free
movement of people + goods/
services)
, 22. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:22:51
Mainly France and Netherlands
referendums
23. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:21:27
Mainly simplification
Remove federal symbolism
Ratified by all members (initial
Irish rejection until granted
concessions (e.g. 1
commissioner per member))
• Treaty of Nice (2001/03)
24. Comment • Advance SIMPLY EU
14 May 2020 at 21:35:20 • Welcomed more (post-Soviet) member states
Expansion → more diverse → 22 • (Unratified) Treaty of Establishing a European Constitution (2004)
policy making more difficult 23 • Treaty of Lisbon (2007/09)
• Established legal personality
25. Comment • European Council and Central Bank become official EU institutions
14 May 2020 at 21:38:48 • Gave up pillar system
Supremacy over national law 24 • Memberships:
• 1995: neutral states (Austria, Finland, Sweden)
26. Comment • 2000s: Post-soviet countries
14 May 2020 at 21:38:36
Creates rights and obligations
27. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:39:45
Institution represents individual
members
Institutions: European Council,
Council of EU
28. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:39:56
Institution represents collective
Institutions: Commission,
Parliament, Court of Justice,
Characterizing EU:
Central Bank
• More than IO (extensive powers)
25 • Legally binding
29. Comment
14 May 2020 at 21:44:08
26 • Direct effect on citizens
Members have explicitly withheld 27 28 • Combines intergovernmental and supranational
decision-making powers + • Less than state
insisted on vetoes • Lacks critical power (e.g. raising revenue through taxation, implementing decisions)
• Lacks institution that regularly interacts with citizens
30. Comment • No monopoly on force
14 May 2020 at 21:45:55 29 • No sovereignty (unable to define own powers, legitimacy more precarious)
Commission = executive • State similarities:
30 • Tripartite division of powers
Council of EU and European • Legal personality
Parliament = bicameral legislature • EU citizenship + rights (1993)
(lower and upper)
Legitimacy of EU:
Court of justice = judiciary • Output legitimacy: economic performance
• Mixed track record; overall beneficial, but not evenly distributed
31. Comment • Input legitimacy: democratic system
14 May 2020 at 21:48:59 31 • Not a concern until 90s
Emerged from “economic • Democratic deficit
legitimacy trumps all” model
Previously no public interest in
European integration
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