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Summary of International Development
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Summary of International Development
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1. Comment19 March 2021 at 20:54:33
Other terms: low-income, global
south, third world, post-colonial,
agrarian, peripheral
2. Comment
19 March 2021 at 20:55:34
Wanted to distinguish themselves
from bipolar capitalists/
communists
3. Comment
19 March 2021 at 20:56:32
Emphasize different aspects/
perspectives Part 1 - Introduction
E.g. global south: single world
1 Terms: developing countries (+ other variations)
system of two connected parts
• Emerged after WWII (independence)
2 • “Third world” emerged after Cold War
4. Comment
19 March 2021 at 20:59:56 3 • Labels carry different implications
• Advantages:
Usually:
- Lower income 4 • Relative position
- Higher population growth 5 • Shared identity (collective solidarity, marginality)
- Low health/education • Disadvantages:
- Geographical similarities 6 • Overgeneralization
- Historical similarities • Alternative: emerging states (shift toward markets/democracy)
• IMF: typically low/middle income, newly significant economic actors (e.g. BRICS)
5. Comment • Excludes many countries
19 March 2021 at 21:00:55 • Eurocentrist framework (“generalized other”)
E.g. “non-aligned movement” 7 • Shared features:
• Economy:
6. Comment 8 • Relatively lower income
19 March 2021 at 21:02:45 • May neglect human development
Especially differences in income • Statistics sometimes undependable
(e.g. BRICs vs bottom billions) • Weak economic structure
9 • Sectoral imbalance: high dependence on primary sector exports, small industrial/service
7. Comment sector
19 March 2021 at 21:26:49 • Subject to fluctuating international prices → declining terms of trade
Exist to different degrees • High population growth
• Problematic for development:
Increasingly diverse • Demands on economic growth
10 • High dependency ratio
8. Comment • Demographic transition model:
19 March 2021 at 21:13:55 11 • High birth/death rate → low birth/death rate
GNP per capita, adjusted by • Overlap period → exponential growth
purchasing power parity • Social features:
12 • High inequality
World Bank categories: low, low- • High poverty
middle, higher-middle, high • Low literacy/education
income 13 • Poor health
Proxy variable: lights (on map) Concept: development
• Roots: notion of progress (enlightenment/evolution)
9. Comment • Not politically neutral (liberal, Eurocentric)
19 March 2021 at 21:16:59
• Predominant indicator: economic growth
Largely overcome by NICs and
• Virtuous circle: capital accumulations → investment → increased productivity → greater
BRICs wealth (neoclassical economics)
• Trickle-down theory: economic growth → eradicate poverty
10. Comment
• Structural change: agrarian dependence → diverse/interconnected sectors (primary/
19 March 2021 at 21:20:54
14 15 secondary/tertiary)
Beginning: young people (cannot
• Factors:
work but need to be provided for)
Later: old people (same thing)
11. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:24:32
Due to poor sexual education,
economic incentive
12. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:25:56
In income, status, power
13. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:26:13
Infectious disease, child/maternal
, mortality, epidemics/pandemics
14. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:34:22
Industry
15. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:34:30
Services
,16. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:35:25
Vs risk aversion
17. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:35:34
Vs saving
18. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:51:31
Multidimensional, individual-
centric, different measurements
19. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:43:53
0 = perfect equality • Human agency (saving, innovation, entrepreneurship)
1 = one person has 100% 16 17 • Culture (innovation, consumption)
• Critique: one-dimensional
• Focus on economy, state-centric
• Ignores human welfare, distribution, political freedom
18 • Indicators have diversified:
• Seers: basic needs approach
• Less poverty/unemployment
• Less inequality
19 • Gini coef cient
• Kuznets curve: inequality increases, then decreases (“lag” in trickle down)
• Rosling: income vs life expectancy
• Sen: capabilities model
• Expanding freedoms
• Substantive: expanding capabilities
• Instrumental: political rights, economic rights, social opportunities, transparency, security
• UNDP (1990s): human development
• Income as means (not goal)
• HDI: income per capita + life expectancy + average years of education
Readings:
• Ezrow et al (2016) Chapter 1.
• Amartya Sen (1999) Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press, Introduction and
Chapter 1.
• Currie-Alder, B. (2016). “The state of development studies: origins, evolution and prospects.”
Canadian Journal of Development Studies 37 (1). p. 5-26.
fi
, 20. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:55:38
Grand vs meso-level (more
specific)
21. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:55:54
Focus on discourse/underlying
assumptions
Power relations (feminism,
marxism, etc)
22. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:56:21
State (large scale, technocratic, Part 2 - Obstacles to Development
poor are the object of policy (we
develop them (vs they develop
themselves)))
Theoretical Perspectives
23. Comment
19 March 2021 at 21:56:44 Theoretical debate: obstacles to development
Grassroots, agency with the • Level (structure vs agency)
people • Factors (exogenous vs endogenous)
20 21 • Epistemology (positivist vs critical/postmodern)
24. Comment 22 23 • Approach (top-down vs bottom-up)
19 March 2021 at 22:03:07
Exceptions: Timeline of dominant theories:
- Ethiopia/ Thailand (stronger 50s - 70s 80s - 90s 90s - present
indigenous state formation
(monarchies) → less easy to Mainstream Modernization Neoliberalism/ “Inclusive” liberalism
conquer) globalization
- China (not formally, but still Critical stream Dependency Anti-globalism Sustainable/post-
subject) development
- Japan
- America (?)
25. Comment Legacy of Colonialism
19 March 2021 at 22:08:43 24 Nearly all developing countries have been previously colonized.
Raw materials, luxury items (e.g.
coffee) History:
• First colonies: Latin America (1500s)
26. Comment • Spain and Portugal
19 March 2021 at 22:10:08 • Trade + political control
Very racist, subjected citizens to • New wave: “scramble for Africa” (1900s)
their laws, forbade entrance (?) • France, Great Britain, Belgium, Portugal
25 • Natural resources (to support industrial revolution) + civilizing people
27. Comment 26 • America in China
19 March 2021 at 22:12:21
• Netherlands in Southeast Asia
E.g. chose to settle in areas with
better climate, fewer diseases, Colonial instruments:
etc • Forced labor/slavery
• Taxation
28. Comment • Land appropriation (better conditions)
27
19 March 2021 at 22:13:09
28 • Trade monopoly + protectionism
E.g. Britain destroyed local textile
industries in India and forced
Consequences: destruction of local economies/institutions
them to import British goods
29 • Taxation → poverty
30 • Repressive
29. Comment
31 • Differential treatment of locals → inequality + inter-ethnic tensions
19 March 2021 at 22:15:33
32 • Extreme: genocide
Forced to sell land, forced to
• Different approaches to local cultures:
enter into labor contracts, etc
33 • Assimilation
30. Comment
19 March 2021 at 22:15:56
No rights (prohibited from
education, land ownership, etc)
E.g. apartheid
31. Comment
19 March 2021 at 22:15:13
E.g. Rwanda and Burundi
32. Comment
19 March 2021 at 22:16:55
Purposeful spread of disease,
pills (?)
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