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Samenvatting Engelse geschiedenis en literatuur

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  • 18 augustus 2022
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  • 2020/2021
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L I T E R A T U U R


NOTITIES
The Old English period
- Period prior the old English period = Romano-British rule
- Romano-British consisted of most of England and Wales and South of Scotland
- Julius Caesar had invaded England as part of his Gallic wars
- Hadrian’s Wall
- Pict in the Norths, Celts in the East
- But the Roman Empire started to fall apart, between 400-450 AD
- In Britain because it was under attack by the Celts
- Results :
 Britain no longer under Imperial Protection Rome
 Britain under attack from 3 Germanic tribes:
 Angles : Denmark
 Saxons : North German
 Jutes : Denmark
 They invaded Britain
 Came from across the North Sea to plunder and lute, but eventually
settled on the British isles.
 Another explanation for their arrival is that they were invited by King
Vortigern to defend the Romano-British from the Picts and Scots in
the north
 The Old English was the language that was brought to England by the Anglo-
Saxon colonist and is strongly influenced by Old Nordic Language (Vikings)
- The invasion had results too:
 The Heptarchy arises  collective name applied to the seven kingdoms of
Anglo-Saxon England (petty kingdoms) from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of
Britain in the 5th century until consolidation in four kingdoms
- Old English society charatics:
- Many wars between Anglo-Saxon kings
 Stories about Kings & Warriors  they were the ruling class. Rich language??
 Most poets are anonymous  undocumented
 7th century: enter Christianity and the clergy (bishops, priest, etc)
 Oral tradition was important  passing on stories from one generation to
the next to preserve one’s culture. Alteration was used for easier recollection
- Old English literature
Anglo- Saxon poetry elements no rhyme, wel rythme (rhyme was introduced in middle English period)
- The Old English is very different from modern English
- Alliteration  occurrence of same letter sound
- Tropes is the use of figurative language
- Epic  a narrative poem, that is usually about heroic deeds and events
 Most important epic poem = Beowulf ( set in Scandinavia in particularly
Denmark)
 Oldest European text written in the vernacular language
 It is unknown who wrote it

,  Only medieval copy dates from the 10th century still exist, but it is
believed that the original is from the 6 th century
 Background:
o Anglo-Saxon world, not set in England, but in Scandinavia at
the time of the fifth and sixth century
o Is about kings and warriors
o These kings usually died young in battle
o Society was dominated by these lords
o Poets provided entertainment
 Summary:
o Characters describes as forefathers Anglo-Saxons
o Set in home country Anglo-Saxons
o It is an epic poem  main character is a hero who travels
great distances to prove his strengths at impossible odds
against super natural demons/beasts
 The lines do not rhyme at end but the lines are linked with
alliteration and rhythm
o Each line : 2 halves & 2 stressed syllables
o Each line : several alliterative syllables
- End of this English period:
- Anglo-Saxon had Scandinavian heritage, language what they mixed with Romano-
British, Christian influences
- Came under attack by Scandinavian tribes
 First recorded attack on Britain by Vikings (north) took place in 793 at
monastery of Lindisfarne
- Raids continued
- Up until 11th century, the Scandivians, Anglo-Saxons and Normans continued to fight
over Britain. Until William Duke of Normandy seized the throne
- Anglo-Saxon era closed
 Norman period of English history began.

The Middle English Period
(1066-1500)
- Most important event: Battle of Hastings (1066)
- Normans had been arriving at end of Old English period
- Norman William the Bastard, invaded and defeated the Anglo-Saxons in the Battle of
Hastings. After the Battle William the Bastard became William the Conqueror, and he
secured the English throne.
- This had some societal consequences
- Arrival Normans (Norman conquest), the structure changed form:
 Kings & Warriors – (to) > feudal system:
 Society divided Medieval English 3 classes
o Nobility spoke French
o Clergy spoke Latin
o Commoners spoke English
 William the Conqueror appointed Normans to key positions in
government, church, army and judiciary.
- Literary consequences
- Strong French influences
 Vikings had French as daily language. French became for the royals while
English was for the ‘people’  commoners

,  Old English developed and incorporated many French + Latin words. Started
to get more refined
 Rhyme was introduced
 Since the 14th century literary written in the language of/for ordinary people.
These literary gains more importance
 Genres : fables, ballads, King Arthur stories (about knights/romances)
 Most important Autor = Geoffrey Chaucer  wrote The Canterbury Tales
 Written between 1386-1400, Chaucer died before he could finish it
 It is a framed story  different stories within one bigger,
overarching tale.
 Subject:
o Murdered bishop  grave in canterbury
o Pilgrimage is central
 the experiences of different pilgrims
 24 stories from/of 24 different pilgrims
 For example: wife of Bath’s tale
o also consists of 2 parts: prologue
and the tale itself:
o the 2 parts:
 prologue: you meet the wife of Bath, she introduces
herself, she is one of the pilgrims
 finds herself an expert in the field of
love/marriage
 concept: position of woman in relation to
the man in the relationship  wife should
have the control over man
 the tale itself, The wife of Bath tells this story, she
isn’t talking about herself but about someone else.
She tells the story to her travel companions.
 Theme: what do women want in a marriage:
o The lead person (knight) learns: ‘that
most women want sovereignty over
their men and that no one can
refute them’
 Who is the wife of Bath?: the pilgrim who
tells the story!!
 STUDY QUESTIONS
- End of the Middle English period
- English had taken over the language power after hundred years’ war against the
French language
- Tudor dynasty reigned
- Printing press had been invented
 Books/stories printed in large scale  this way more people could read it +
the stories persist (on paper)

Early Modern English period
(1500-1750)
- Most important events
- Invention printing press allowed mass printing and mass spread of ideas (like the
Bible)
- Renaissance and Humanism: motto changed from memento mori to carpe diem

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