Summary A* Pearson Edexcel A Level Geography Unit 2 Topic 4A Regenerating Places Revision Notes
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Unit 2 - Dynamic Places
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Edexcel A level Geography Book 2 Third Edition
This got me an A* for A level Edexcel Geography. It's my revision notes for Topic 4A Regenerating Places which, like the rest of my geography notes, are filled with case studies, facts, diagrams, and explanations. I only used this for my revision for all my mocks and actual exam and got A*s in all....
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Unit 2 - Dynamic Places
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REGENERATION
4A.1A: Economic activity can be classified by sector (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) and also by type
of employment (part-time/full-time, temporary/permanent, employed/self-employed.
Sector of employment
Primary: Extraction of raw materials e.g. agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing. Rural areas tend to
have more primary employment, and this job sector tends to be low-paid, manual work.
Secondary: Manufacturing and processing e.g. iron and steel with car manufacturing. There is more
secondary employment in northern UK cities such as Manchester, however this has declined
over time.
Tertiary: Service sector and concerned with sale of goods e.g. retail, tourism, banking. In the tertiary
sector, jobs are concentrated in urban areas, but these vary from cleaners on minimum
wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers. As more people from working class
families are given opportunities and access to higher education such as universities and
apprenticeships, they gain access to higher paid and skilled jobs, which usually are in the
tertiary sector.
Quaternary: High-tech research and design e.g. scientific research and ICT. Jobs such as these are found
in central cities and a generally an indicator of sophisticated education and economy.
Quinary: Knowledge management e.g. consultancy and leadership/CEOs – decision making and
officials in government, science, education, healthcare, media etc. Creates prosperity in
cities such as Cambridge and London.
In Great Britain in 1841, 36% worked in the secondary sector, 33% in the tertiary sector (services, quaternary and
quinary incl.) and 22% in the primary sector. In England and Wales in 2010, 81% worked in the tertiary, 9% in the
secondary and 1% in the primary.
In the 1980s, the ‘old economy’ in Britain needed to chance; primary and secondary industries in the UK were
producing materials which were more expensive than imports available from overseas because British coal mines
were located deeper underground, making mining more expensive, and UK wages were higher than overseas –
manufacturing in Asia was growing and labour was cheap. In the 1980s, many factories closing down and many
people were made unemployed – hitting hardest in the northern Britain.
Tertiary and quaternary sectors were encouraged by the government sparking growth of these industries –
especially in tourism as people could afford to go on holiday due to higher wages and cheap air travel. Much
quaternary growth was concentrated in the London Docklands and places with low tax rates and good transport
links, making the wealth gap between north and south begin to grow even more.
Type of employment
Part-time work: A person works only some hours, so study or family can be combined with work
Flexi time: Workers can choose start and finish times within set limits
Job sharing: 2 people share the same job, so one full time job is shared
Sub-contract: Taking on a single job without any commitment to further work once its finished
Zero-hour contract: An arrangement for people to work when it is available, no fixed hours and no pay if
no work
Teleworking/ hotdesking: The ability for those who use IT to work anywhere and anytime, with no need for a
permanent desk in an office.
Self-employment: Working for oneself rather than for an employer.
,4A.1B: There are differences in economic activity (employment data and output data), and this is reflected through
variation in social factors, (health, life expectancy and levels of education.)
Differences in economic activity
The two London Boroughs of Millwall in Tower Hamlets and Custom House in Newham are economically very
different.
Employment rate (16-64) in 2011 in Millwall was 73 whereas Custom House was 63.
The percentage industry type in Tower Hamlets in 2016 was 55%, the Finance and insurance sector –
concentrated in the East End, in Millwall. This suggests that the region is predominantly a financial hub. This
is complimented by the second highest percentage being in the Professional, scientific and technical sector
with 20%, suggesting an emergence in quaternary opportunities. Percentage occupation mirrors these
trends, with a highest percentage working as Managers, directors and senior officials, with 42%
concentrated in the Isle of Dogs and Millwall area – suggesting high employment for quinary jobs.
Construction and Manufacturing was around 7%, suggesting that this is not a major industry here.
In comparison to Newham, the highest percentage industry was Construction in 22% and Admin Support
with 19%. Finance and Professional industry are 10% and 9% respectively, demonstrating that quaternary
and high paid tertiary is not as focussed on in this region. The highest occupation percentage are for Caring,
leisure services and associate professional and technical occupations being around 20%
In Tower Hamlets, the highest percentage for economic inactivity was 20% who are in Retired category. In
comparison, the highest economical inactivity in Newham is 57% who are Students, followed by 21% who
are Retired.
Variation in social factors
Health
Health is generally ‘Very Good’ in the Millwall ward, with 61% in the innermost point of the Isle, and 71%
near the Poplar region. In Newham, the majority of the area also consists of ‘Very Good’, with the average of
Custom House at around 52%. This is still significantly lower than Millwall.
Life Expectancy
From 2009 to 2013, male and female life expectancy in Millwall was 84 and 82 respectively. In Custom
House, it was 78 and 75.
Education
% with No Qualifications was 11% in Millwall and 25% in Custom House.
% L4 Qualifications (degree) was 57% in Millwall and 24% in Custom House.
4B.1C: The inequalities in pay levels across economic sectors and in different types of employment are reflected in
quality-of-life indices.
Economic Indicators:
Median Household Income in 2011 was £46,940 in Millwall and £31,840 in Custom House
Median House Price in 2011 was £420,000 in Millwall and £250,000 in Custom House (indicates if the houses
are desirable and what the local people can afford)
Social Indicators:
% Social Renting in 2011 was 20 in Millwall but 41 in Custom House
% Out of work benefits in 2014 was 9 in Millwall but 22 in Custom House
Approximated social grade % was highest 80.0 for Millwall for AB grade (better social standards) and 54.3 for
DE grade. In comparison, for Custom House was 28.3% for AB (which was concentrated nearer the
Docklands) and 64.1% for DE
, 4A.2A: Over time, places changed their functions, (administrative, commercial, retail and industrial) and
demographic characteristics (gentrification, age structure and ethnic composition).
Places changing functions
Places may be associated with one particular or dominant function e.g. mining, steel, leisure and tourism or market.
(such as car manufacturing used to be main function in Detroit). Historically, specialist functions such as banks,
department stores, council offices and doctors’ surgeries are classed as high-order functions and located in larger
settlements, whereas grocer’s shops, post boxes and pubs are classed as lower-order functions and found even in
small villages.
However, the landscapes produced by the functions are rapidly changing due to internet and broadband and
changing customer habits. The retail landscape has transformed with online shopping (especially with Covid19), click
and collect banking, affecting high street businesses. Regeneration may try to counteract ‘cloning’ of land uses and
encourage specific place identities to draw customers back. In rural settings, pubs may also be community centres,
post offices and village shops. In cities and converted farm buildings, small industrial units (e.g. light manufacturing)
– often high-tech – have appeared, and there has been a large rise in small businesses nationally.
Places have a range of economic functions:
Administrative: council offices, schools and other public services like clinics and hospitals
Commercial: offices of service industries such as legal services, accountants
Retail: shops that range in size from corner shops to shopping centres/malls
Industrial: factories, warehouses and distribution centres
London Docklands – Canary Wharf
In 20th Century, used to be site of Britain’s port for exchange of foreign trade, and was a major distribution centre,
with warehouses and factories nearby. Now, Canary Wharf is site of many European and international headquarters
of major organisations. Acts as financial hub with regions of high paid professional and commercial industry, with:
Banking e.g. TNCs (that act as international sites of connection) European Banking Authority, Deutsche Bank,
and national banks such as Barclays
Legal services e.g. Clifford Chance and LPC Law
Retail e.g. Zara, English Tailoring
Telecommunication e.g. China Unicom Europe
Technology consultation e.g. Hexaware Technologies, Worldwide Technology and Digital Reasoning
Professional consultation services e.g. Boston Consulting Group
Changing Demographic characteristics
Tower Hamlets have changing demographics:
Housing: % Owner-Occupier in Tower Hamlets increased from 5 in 1980 to 25 in 2010 – in 1980, Margaret
Thatcher introduced a new law ‘Right to Buy’, which takes maintaining counsel houses off tax money and
instead allows people to take ownership of their homes. People gained the legal right to buy, at a large
discount, the council house they’re living in. As a result, many people starting selling their houses. As
professional industry started developing in Tower Hamlets, more affluent and richer people begin moving in.
In order to attract these people to buy properties, planners may allow developers to upgrade a place’s
characteristics to attract people of a higher income and social status, making house prices higher. This means
people on low income can no longer afford to purchase houses in these regions – this process is called
gentrification and can be demonstrated on house prices and social grades.
Age: % change from 2007 – 2011 was 13.7% for 20 to 64-year-olds (working age), and -2.3% for 64+
(economically inactive). Average age is 32.5.
Ethnicity – % of total proportion of White (incl. White other) went from 56% in 1991 to 29% in 2011.
Bangladeshi increased from 4% to 12%, Pakistani from 6% to 10% and African from 6% to 12%.
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