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Summary of all authors and points contemporary political philosophy

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Summary of all authors, philosophers and their points relevant to the course.

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  • 30 augustus 2022
  • 7
  • 2021/2022
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yvakapashi
Liberal egalitarianism Libertarianism Republicanism
Basic idea: seeks to combine the values of equality, personal Basic idea: seek to maximise autonomy and individual Basic idea: liberty and individual rights as central values; the
freedom and personal responsibility freedom and minimise state violation of individual liberties sovereignty of the people is the source of all authority in law
Rawls Nozick Pettit
 Original position and veil of ignorance Moral basis 1  Central motivator behind republicanism is the desire to
 We don’t know ascriptive characteristics and our  The world is given and we have different forms of hedge against domination or arbitrary mastery by another
conception of the good, but we know we can puruse a property  Suggests there is a second type of liberty, not merely
conception of the good (and thus need primary goods)  Justice comes from the protection of these holdings negative or positive, but rather liberty as nondomination
 Outcome is a hypothetical contract  Freedom means having power over what happens to one’s Arendt
 Everyone ends up with equal rights to most extensive set holdings  Freedom should be taken into the public sphere (the polis)
of total liberties and socioecon inequalities are arranged so Outcome 1 and be political
they maximise the position of the worst off and all offices  Minimal state (state protects holdings), protects against  Freedom is a thing performed
and positions are open to all with fair equality of unjust infringements of one’s property rights  She blames liberalism for associating freedom and will
opportunity Moral basis 2 with one another
 Difference principle: agreement to regard the distribution  Separateness of persons: everyone’s achievements are  Sovereignty and will are not the same thing
of natural talents as a common asset; what is just/unjust is their own
how institutions deal with natural talents Outcome 2:
 Positional goods: goods where there will never be enough  No taxation, because taxation = coercion and is thus
for everyone, but this is also what makes them valuable; involuntary
these goods can never be equalised (e.g. uni education)  Redistribution must take place voluntarily = charity
Objections:  3 ways one justly owns property: Acquisition, Transfer,
 Risk aversion, Priority of liberty, Redistribution, Rectification
Hypothetical contract, Egoism, Private sphere Critiques
Abizadeh  How can one acquire unowned property?
 States cannot unilaterally control a border  How do we know if others are being made worse off?
 Border control has to be justified to everyone because the  Why believe land is initially unowned? What if it is
demos is in principle unbounded commonly owned?
 Borders must be mutually run, taking into account the  World history has not been one of justice, doesn’t this
wills of the nonmembers and citizens invalidate the principle?
Carens  Even if we could rectify present injustices of transfer,
 Liberalism taken seriously = open borders what about past ones?
 If individuals are all of equal moral worth and individuals Takeaways
are prior to community, we cannot distinguish between  Radical inequality might be justified
citizens and those seeking citizenship  State action = minimal
 Supports a strong open borders thesis  Distribution is not a matter of justice
 Liberal cases against open borders are misguided Steiner
 We need to internationalise the Rawlsian position  Justice is global, but we owe nothing to foreigners outside
 Libertarians can also make no claims against open borders of ownership rights, so a global arrangement protects and
 All other arguments can be distilled to accident of birth: enforces these

, where you were born is random and believing you chose it  Defence of why minimal claims of justice do in fact cross
is meaningless borders
 There can be public order/safety restriction: immigrants  A state can exclude based on analogy to private property,
cannot violate safety/order but kind of problematic that it’s a jump from private
property to territory (in the analogy to summerhouses)
 If transfers are just, we can have labour migration or
permanent visits


Luck egalitarian Communitarianism Liberalism
Basic idea: compensation of people for undeserved/random Basic idea: emphasis on the connection between the individual Basic idea: individual rights
bad luck and community
Dworkin Sandel Berlin
 Suggests a difference between welfare and resources  Critique of liberalism 2 conceptions of liberty
 Welfare egalitarian = we care about outcomes  The right should be grounded in the good (as opposed to  Negative liberty (freedom from interference)
 Resource egalitarians = we care about opportunity prior to it)  Liberty as a boundary around the individual
 We need a balance of welfare and equality (welfare alone  Creates a political argument against liberalism (liberalism  Positive liberty (freedom to)/(freedom as self-mastery)
is insufficient) erodes democracy)  The free self’s ability to actualise their potential
 Functioning market econ is the friend of equality if begun  Basis of his claim is philosophical  But this divides the self (higher and lower) and thus can
with well-designed capitalist tools  The unencumbered self cannot generate principles of open door to totalitarianism or self-abnegation
 Thought experiment: desert island, auction, envy test, justice that apply to the community, they will always only Kymlicka
hypothetical insurance scheme be individual-level  Egalitarian plateau
 Improves Rawls’ idea by being ambition sensitive, but Miller  Liberal culturalist position: it‘s not controversial to say
endowment insensitive  3 kinds of liberty: republican, liberal and idealist some version of community/group matters for individual
 We have to distinguish between option and brute luck for  Doesnt want the closed borders idea to be racial, but autonomy
this system to work instead regarding human rights  What kinds of group rights: special representation, self-
 Finds 3 defenses of the right to migrate: freedom of governemnt, polyethnic
movement, right to exit a state, rights of free association  These afford external protection against the will of the
 But argues there is no right to immigrate majority and the ability to impose restrictions on own
 Sovereignty necessitates control over borders group members
 The rights of existing citizens should outweigh those of  Liberalism requires that the individual is protected from
migrants the group
Taylor  Defense of minority rights if they are external (e.g.
 Premise that Berlin is correct but distinctions are fuzzy domination), but not internal (e.g.individual rights)
 Positive liberty is something like independence and  Favours national groups over immigrants
positive is something like autonomy, but these positions  Rights claims can be grounded in equality, historical
have become caricatures agreement and cultural diversity
 We need to instead recast the distinction Objections
 Positive liberty as an exercise concept (the individual is  What counts as culture?

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