Detailed Revision Notes for the Global Systems and Global Governance module of the A-Level AQA Geography course.
The notes include detailed case studies and necessary knowledge as well as structured arguments to possible essay questions.
The structure of the notes is as follows;
3.2.1.1 G...
3.2.1.1 Globalisation 3
Dimensions of globalisation: ows of capital, labour, products, services and information 3
Global Marketing 8
Patterns of production, distribution and consumption 8
Factors in globalisation: the development of technologies, systems and relationships
including; Financial, transport, security, communications, management and information
systems, trade agreements 10
Trade Agreements 14
RCEP - The regional comprehensive economic partnership 15
3.2.1.2 Global Systems 16
The form and nature of economic, social, political and environmental interdependence in
the contemporary world 17
Issues associated with interdependence : Unequal ows of people, money, ideas and
technology within the global system 17
3.2.1.3 International trade and access to markets 22
Trends in the volume and pattern of international trade and investments in a globalised
world 23
China’s expansive foreign policy 24
Access to markets within international trade 25
The nature and role of TNCs 26
Apple case study 28
E-Waste 30
World Trade in Bananas 31
Analysis and assessment of the geographical consequences of global systems to
speci cally consider how international trade and variable access to markets underly and
impacts on students' and other people's lives across the globe. 33
3.2.1.4 Global Governance 34
The emergence and developing norms, laws and institutions in regulating and
reproducing global systems. 34
Issues associated with attempts at global governance 35
3.2.1.5 The Global Commons 38
The concept of the ‘global commons’ 38
Antarctica Case Study 39
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,Threats to Antarctica 40
The protection of Antarctica 44
3.2.1.6 Globalisation Critique 46
The impacts of globalisation to consider the bene ts of growth, development, integration,
stability against the costs in terms of inequalities, injustice, con ict and environmental
impact. 46
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, 3.2.1.1 Globalisation
1. Dimensions of globalisation: ows of capital, labour, products, services and information
2. Global Marketing
3. Patterns of production, distribution and consumption
4. Factors in globalisation: the development of technologies, systems and relationships,
including nancial, transport, security, communications, management and information
systems, trade agreements
Globalisation:
The process in which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly
integrated and therefore interdependent through the growing connectivity between people and
places provided by the global network of trade, communication, transportation and immigration.
Globalisation is not a new process, but rather it is the speed at which it has increased that sets it
apart from how the world previously operated. Globalisation has developed in 3 stages;
Friedman's theory of globalisation;
1. Globalisation of countries (1492-1800)
2. Globalisation of companies (1800-2000)
3. Globalisation of individuals (2000-present)
People, now, are increasingly economically, politically, socially and culturally connected in the
sense we are all in uenced by one another. Social media has undoubtedly played a huge role in
enabling this interconnection.
Economic - TNC’s, outsourcing, remittances, trading, FDI
Political - Trade deals/blocs, deregulation, single market economies (EU), IGO’s
Cultural - media, travel, education, westernisation, homogenisation
Social - immigration, networking, NGO’s
Dimensions of globalisation: ows of capital, labour, products, services and
information
Flow = the sharing of something between one country from another, moving around the world
Capital Flows - Money, investment (FDI), trade or production
e.g.
- FDI: has increased from $400 billion in 1996, to $1500 billion in 2016
- Repatriation of pro ts - the ability for TNC’s to send their pro ts
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, - Aid - world bank loans
- Remittances - sending money back home
Capital ows occur between 4 main groups;
1. Core regions - wealthier, developed, powerful countries
2. Periphery regions - less wealthy, developing countries with less power
3. IMF - aims to secure nancial stability and promote sustainable economic growth
4. The word bank - global body that gives loans for development and relief
Labour ows - Migration
- Economic migrants - people moving voluntarily for work or improved QOL - send remittances
e.g. Men moved from Nepal to the gulf/middle east, in 2014 16,000 young men left to seek a
better quality of life - 25% of Nepals GDP was from remittances
e.g. in 2019, more than $38.5 billion was sent back to Mexico from the USA as remittances
forming 3% of Mexico’s GDP
- Refugees - people who have been forced to leave due to con ict, political or religious
persecution. They have been granted permanent or temporary residency by the host country or
the UN refugee agency (UNHCR)
- Asylum seekers - people who have left their country and are seeking asylum in another, they are
waiting to be granted residency to become a refugee.
• Today, 3-4% of the worlds population are international migrants
• 14.1% of HIC populations are made up of International migrants whereas only 1.6% of LIC’s
populations are made up of international migrants
Within continents
Asia
- 63 million people moved to a di erent area of Asia whilst living in Asia in 2017 making it the
largest labour ow in the world
- 5 million migrated from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE
Europe
- 41 million moved to other areas of Europe within 2017
- Germany holds the largest amount of European migrants
- 1.9 million polish people living in Germany
- UK holds second largest number of EU migrants (700,000 from Poland)
Africa
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