Een samenvatting over het vak the Americas Ib. De tijdsperiode is van 1970 tot het heden. De samenvatting sluit aan op the Americas Ia en belangrijke thema's zoals politiek en terrorisme komen aan bod van de hoorcolleges en seminars met enkele primaire teksten.
Summary the Americas 1b
Exam
1 MAIN THEMES (1970 – PRESENT)
- 9/11 and the War on Terror
- The War on Drugs
- Party Polarization and the Rise of the New Right
- Family Politics in the Americas
- Environmental Concerns
- Inter-American Economic Relations
- The US’s current cross-national and international relations and trade
networks
- Strategies of world leadership and power
1.1 EXAM INFORMATION
- Digital exam
- 3 hours
- 2 parts
Section A (70%): choice of 10 questions, answering 7 (200 – 300
words), describing historical events (mention year or decade) and
describe primary sources in detail (use quotes).
Try to be detailed to show knowledge of the subject.
Section B (30%): choice of 2 – 3 essay questions, and basically just
write an essay in which to use clear arguments with good evidence. No
worrying about presentation and no need for a works cited list.
1.2 STUDY STRATEGIE
- Read notes from seminars + slides from lectures
- Read LEP chapters partially + read primary source texts partially
- Make a summary from week 11 to week 16
Main historical events of the periods (mention dates)
Texts analysis’s of primary sources (mention quotes)
1.3 LIBERTY, EQUALITY & POWER
- Relevant chapters in LEP: 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 32
- Relevant primary sources of weeks 11 – 16
,2 WOMAN RIGHTS, GENDER ROLES AND
FAMILY POLITICS IN THE AMERICAS (WEEK
11)
2.1 LECTURE NOTES
I. Woman’s suffrage in the United States
- World anti-slavery Convention (London 1840)
People fighting for a better society overall regarding race and gender
Trigger for woman’s movements in the US, because two woman from
the US went to the convention and they were not allowed to speak –
they went back to the US and called the first woman rights convention
Struggle for gender and racial equality movements seem to be very
much interrelated, since the struggle for racial equality triggered the
struggle for gender equality + both movements seem to support each
other
- Declaration of Sentiments (1841)
Same as the Declaration of Independence (but included with naming
“woman” specifically too instead of just “all men are created equal”)
Right to vote
Martin Luther King uses the Declaration of Independence in his “I Have
A Dream” speech
- How can women justify the right to vote?
The principle of equality (Kant: reason, Rousseau: moral sense)
Civil War (1860 – 1865) brought a halt to movements (they were
deemed unpatriotic and destabilizing for society)
After the War, woman started to argue
that their role as mothers should let Woman use opposing starting
them vote (their essentially different points/strategy to acquire the right
role as a mother of future citizens) to vote, on the one hand they
“Woman bring all voters into the argue with the principle of equality
world, let them vote” (they are equal to men who can
vote) and on the other hand they
argue with the principle of
- The split in the Woman Suffrage Movement difference (that they are different
New York group (Elizabeth Cady from men because they raise the
Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott): argued against the
Fifteenth Amendment that would give black men the right to vote
before woman were granted this right
Boston group (Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell): willing to work for
black voting rights and continue with woman voting and other rights
once the proposed black voting rights were obtained
- The congressional Union – National Woman’s Party
In favor of an extra Amendment to grant woman the right to vote on a
federal level
, It came in 1920 with the Nineteenth (19th) Amendment
II. The Equal Rights Amendment
- National Woman’s Party proposes (ERA – Equal Rights Amendment)
In 1920 the struggle for full equal rights (discrimination) started
emerging
“No political, civil or legal disabilities or inequalities on account of
sex…”
- Central question: How should equality be defined?
Equal opportunity? Equal treatment? Equal …?
A division of opinions about this question within Feminist Movements
Oppositi
on
- Opponents to the Equal Rights Amendment: League of Woman Voters
Woman should have the right to live in a separate (private) sphere, so
not in the public sphere were they are unprotected
Essentialist side: Woman are biologically weaker and more capable of
doing household tasks than men, so they have to do this and not
participate in the public (rougher) sphere’
- 19th century of the “true womanhood” and “separate spheres
- Is sex-differentiated legislation sex discrimination or is it a necessary form
of protection?
Still a central and relevant question today!
- Do woman need protection or have the always been overprotected?
(important question to ask while reading primary sources)
- “private sphere” reserved for woman and “public sphere” reserved for man
- Jobs in WWII also filled by woman (same as Bracero program for Mexicans)
After the war this was not necessary anymore, so woman went “home”
again
- Benjamin Spock’s book “Baby and Child care” (1946)
Woman should devote themselves fully to child care, or else they are
deemed bad mothers
- During the 1960’s (Civil Rights Movements, Vietnam War) Woman
Movements emerged strongly again together with these other conflict
protesting groups
- Betty Friedan’s book “Feminine Mystique” (1963)
Women who seem happy (because they are not discriminated against)
are not truly happy with their role in society (being limited in their
options) – influential text
- Equal Rights Amendment proposal of 1923 emerges again in the 1960s,
but it is still not ratified today (it was passed in 1972 but still not ratified
today!) (RESEARCH)
III. Birth Control and Abortion Rights
, - Margaret Higgins Sanger: “What every girl should know”; “The woman
rebel” (1914); coins the term “birth control”
Interested in subject because of her mother
Article against Corn Stock Law (of 1873)
(RESEARCH)
- Katherine McCormick
Supports Margaret Sanger and helps with creating the birth control pill
- 1966 Supreme Court’s decision Griswold v. Connecticut (legalized abortion)
Only possible for married couples
- 1972 Eisenstadt v. Baird
- 1973 Roe vs. Wade
(RESEARCH Court Cases)
IV. Latin American gender role stereotypes (to this day!)
- Machismo: A role that defines the position of men in Latin American society
(strong men, who provide for their
family) IMPORTANT TERMS FOR
Role of caretaking is not available to EXAM!!!
men
Gays are socially not accepted (social outcasts)
- Malinchismo: based on the myth of Malincho (a woman who was a
translator and lover of Hernan Cortez, the Spanish
Religious aspect: conquistador of South America)
Important Catholic She was betraying her own people by standing and
difference between sleeping with the enemy
the Angel - Marianismo (La Virgin de Guadalupe): devoted to church,
(Marianismo) and the and humble and obedient to their husband to gain respect
Prostitute The Virgin de Guadalupe as a patron saint of the
(Malinchismo) or Americas, strong part of Latin American culture
Mary (Marianismo) See Visual Arts in Primary Sources! (representations
and Eve of the Virgin of Guadalupe and La Malinche
throughout the centuries and in modern Latin American society)
- Civil Rights Movements in Latin America often use the difference (instead
of the equal) argument to gain equal rights, still identify themselves as
Marianismo
V. Variants of Latin American Feminism
- Cuba: 1975 family code
Exception?
- Woman’s Suffrage (voting rights for woman):
Ecuador (first): 1929
Paraguay (last): 1961
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