NUR 3032 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Latest updated,100% CORRECT
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NUR 3032 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Latest updated
CHAPTER 5:
Cellular Adaptation:
• Cells adapt to changes in the internal environment when confronted with stress that endanger normal structure and function. These cells adapt to increase work demands by changing in:
1. Size (...
nur 3032 pathophysiology exam 1 study guide latest updated
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NUR 3032 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide Latest updated
CHAPTER 5:
Cellular Adaptation:
• Cells adapt to changes in the internal environment when confronted with
stress that endanger normal structure and function. These cells adapt to
increase work demands by changing in:
1. Size (Atrophy and Hypertrophy)
2. Number (Hyperplasia)
3. Form (Metaplasia)
• These mechanisms depend largely on signals transmitted by chemical
messengers that exert their affects by altering gene function. In general,
the genes are expressed in two categories:
1. Operating genes that are necessary for normal function of a cell
2. Genes that determine the differentiating characteristics of a
particular cell type
• In many adaptive cellular responses, the expression of the differentiation
genes is altered but that of the operating genes remains unaffected. Thus, a
cell is able to change size or form without compromising its normal
function. Once the stimulus for adaptation is removed, the effect on
expression of the differentiating genes is removed and the cell resumes its
previous state of specialized function.
• Whether the adaptive cellular changes are normal or abnormal depends on
whether the response was mediated by an appropriate stimulus
• Some adaptive changes include:
1. Intracellular accumulations
2. Storage of products in abnormal amounts
Lecture Notes:
• Anything that’s genetic can change the cell. Radiation as well. Any external
factor. Cell injury can occur from genetic, chemical, immunoglobin or x-
rays, etc. As a result you can have several different changes.
• Free Radicals: when the cells do not have an enough amount of electrons
,and protons therefore free ions are migrating because they don’t have a pair
so it makes the cell at risk for more injury to occur.
, o EX: if you have a negative and a positive and they are
unpaired they are going to cause free radicals.
o These free radicals can also happen with radiation.
• Cells adapt with changes in their size, number and form.
Atrophy:
• Atrophy is a decrease in cell size
• EX: When you go regularly to the gym, and then all of a sudden you stop
your muscles are going to atrophy, meaning they are going to decrease in
size.
• When confronted with a decrease in word demands or adverse
environmental conditions, most cells cam decrease in size in order to have a
lower yet more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with their
survival
• Causes of atrophy include:
1. Disuse: reduction in skeletal muscle use. EX: muscles of extremities
that have been encased in plaster cast. Since atrophy is adaptive and
reversible, the muscle size can be restored when cast is removed.
2. Denervation: a type of muscle atrophy that occurs in the muscles
of paralyzed limbs.
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation: loss of estrogen stimulation during
menopause results in atrophic changes in the reproductive organs.
4. Inadequate nutrition
5. Ischemia or decrease blood flow
• With Malnutrition and decreased blood flow, cells decrease their size
and energy requirements as a means of survival.
• Cells that are atrophies reduce their oxygen consumption and other cellular
functions by decreasing the number and size of their organelles and other
structures.
, • EX: cell size in muscle tissue is related to work load. As the work load of a
cell declines, oxygen consumption and protein synthesis will both decrease
• Insulin levels and insulin growth factor-1 is what maintains proper muscle
mass. If these levels are low or catabolic signals are present, the muscle
atrophy occurs by mechanisms
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