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1.5 changing men literature summary
- Vak
- 1.5 Changing Man
- Instelling
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
1.5 changing men literature summary-- I got an 8.4 in the exam
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 64 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 64 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
1.5 Developmental Psychology1. Birds and bees
➔ Natural selection:
◆ Evolutionary process in which the individuals of a species that are best adapted
to the environmental conditions survive and reproduce
◆ Over many generations, organisms with characteristics needed for survival
makeup an increasingly more percent of the population
◆ If the environmental conditions change, the species can go to a different
direction
➔ Adaptive behavior: behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat
➔ Evolutionary development:
◆ An extended childhood period developed so that humans can form a large brain
and can adapt to the complexity of the human world
◆ Humans’ sexual maturation is also much later than many species
◆ Evolved mechanisms aren’t always adaptive in modern society (ex: craving high
calorie foods and eating a lot when it’s available)
◆ Bidirectional view: biology and environment both influence each other,
evolution does not dictate our behavior
➔ Prenatal development:
1. Germinal period:
● First two weeks after conception
● Fertilization:when a sperm cell penetrates the lining of the ovum, chemical
reactions prevent other sperms from repeating the process. Then the sperm
disintegrates, releasing its genetic material, and the egg does the same. A new
cell nucleus forms around this, creating the zygote.
● Implantation: attachment to the uterine wall, around 11-15 days after
conception
● One week after conception, differentiation of cells during cell division already
begins→blastocysts (inner mass of cells that will become the embryo) and
trophoblast (outer mass of cells that will provide support and nourishment to the
embryo)
,2. Embryonic period:
● 2-8 weeks after conception, begins after blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall
● Embryo now has three layers:
○ Endoderm: inner layer, develops into digestive and respiratory systems
○ Mesoderm: middle layer, develops into bones, muscles, circulatory,
reproductive and excretory systems
○ Ectoderm: outer layer, develops into brain and nervous system, sensory
receptors and skin parts
● Life support systems of the embryo:
○ Amnion: bag of clear fluid in which the embryo floats, temperature and
humidity controlled
○ Umbilical cord: contains two arteries and one vein, connects the baby to
the placenta
○ Placenta:
■ group of tissues in which mother’s and baby’s small blood vessels
intertwine but don’t join
■ Very small molecules like oxygen, food and water from the
mother’s blood and carbon dioxide and digestive wastes from the
embryo’s blood can pass from the placental wall, but not larger
molecules like most bacteria and maternal waste
● Organogenesis:
○ Organ development during the first two months of prenatal development
○ Especially vulnerable to environment during this period
3. Fetal period
● From 2 months until birth
● Fetus becomes active
● Sex can be distinguished
● After 6 months, fetus has a chance to survive outside the womb
➔ Brain development:
◆ 18-24 days after conception, neural tube forms
◆ At 24 days the tube closes from top and bottom
◆ Failures to close the tube may cause spina bifida and anencephaly
◆ Neurogenesis: from 5th week onwards, there is a massive and rapid production
of new neurons
◆ Neuronal migration: 6-24th weeks, neurons migrate to their approximate
locations, creating various brain regions
, ◆ At the end of 23rd week, neurons begin to form connections which lasts until 2
years of postnatal development
➔ Teratogens:
◆ Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect of negatively alter cognitive
and behavioral outcomes
◆ Dose: greater the dose, greater the effect
◆ Genetic susceptibility: depends on the genotype of the mother and the baby
◆ Time of exposure: some points of development are more vulnerable, the early
embryonic period is most vulnerable
◆ After organogenesis is complete, teratogens are unlikely to cause structural
defects but rather stunt growth or negatively affect organ function
◆ Prescription drugs: antidepressant, antibiotics, hormones, diet pills, high doses of
aspirin
◆ Caffeine: should not be consumed, increased risk of miscarriage
, ◆ Alcohol: can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) which can lead to
physical deformities and varying degrees of mental retardation
◆ Nicotine: preterm birth, and low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths, sudden
infant death syndrome, respiratory and cardiovascular problems
◆ Cocaine & methamphetamine: a number of neurological, medical and cognitive
deficits
◆ Marijuana: lower intelligence, increased risk of marijuana use
◆ Heroin: withdrawal symptoms in the baby
◆ Incompatible blood types: if the fetus’ blood is Rh-positive and mother’s is
Rh-negative, her immune system may attack the fetus. This usually doesn’t
happen in the first pregnancy but the risk increases with each subsequent
pregnancy as mother’s body produces antibodies
◆ Environmental hazards: radiation, X-rays, pesticides and fertilizers, lead, mercury,
toxic wastes etc.
◆ Maternal diseases: can affect the offspring by crossing the placental barrier or
infecting during birth; german measles, syphilis, genital herpes, AIDS, diabetes
etc.
◆ Maternal nutrition: malnutrition (-), obesity (-), folic acid (+), fish containing
mercury (-)
◆ Maternal age: more risks during adolescence and 35+ years olds
◆ Stress, anxiety, negative mood states, maternal depression: a range of behavioral
and cognitive problems, elevated cortisol levels
◆ Paternal factors: father’s exposure to toxic substances like smoking is also a
factor
➔ Genetics:
◆ cell→nucleus→chromosome→DNA→gene
◆ Each cell in our bodies contain our entire genetic code
◆ Each cell has its particular location on a particular chromosome
◆ Humans have apx. 20,500 genes
◆ Genes don't act on their own while producing proteins, they cooperate with each
other and with environmental factors
◆ Hormones can excite or inhibit gene expression
◆ Mitosis: nucleus duplicates, the cell divides itself and forms two cells genetically
identical to the parent cell arranged in the same pair of 23 chromosomes
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