International Relations
5-4-2022 Introduction 1
7-4-2022 International Relations as Academic Discipline / Theories of IR – part I 6
Overview Liberals and Realists 11
12-4-2022 International Relations as Academic Discipline / Theories of IR – part II 13
14-4-2022 Commercial capitalism and city states 14
19-4-2022 The Long 19th Century: The Age of Revolutions and the Transformation of
the World 19
21-4-2022 The ‘Dwarfing of Europe’ and the Pax Americana 24
BLOK 2 30
10-5-2022 Cold War 30
12-5-2022 International Organisations 36
17-5-2022 Development and underdevelopment: Global Inequality as Source of
Conflict 43
19-5-2022 Globalisation, Interpolarity and Power Transition: BRICs and the Rise of
China 51
24-5-2022 EU Foreign Policy / External Relations, part I 57
25-5-2022 EU Foreign Policy / External Relations, part II 63
BEGRIPPENLIJST 68
5-4-2022 Introduction
● Cities are the most important actors in world affairs: pollution is created by them
(producing climate change), finding solutions to climate change!
War in Ukraine and the relevance of IR / (Covid and the importance of IR
Impact:
● Global value chains / trade / migration
● The bottom billion / Africa / indebted states and peoples
● US-China/Russia relations: great power competition
, ● EU and the West: economic sanctions and export bans (mere chaos)
● The role of International Organisations (NATO, UN, IMF, World Bank)
Rethink:
● Agriculture / free markets and movements / security
● The post-Ukrainian-war recovery and the war on Global Warming
● During small crises, we lose sight of big crises
● Triad of challenges for global governance
● Different forms of inequalities
● We need cooperation, global governance, regulations beyond the moves of the free
market to fix these long term crises!
What is IR?
● Why study IR (Jackson/Sørensen/Møller – ch. 1)?
● Political Science broadly conceived and IR
○ Public Policy + global governance
○ Comparative Politics: e.g. Arab Spring (2011)
○ Political theory: theorizing IR (theories and approaches)
○ (International) Political Economy
● Power and the monopoly on violence: traditional focus on inter-(nation)state relations
● Power and welfare + transnational politics
● Narrow definition: state and state definitions
● Broad definition: economic processes and interdependencies, including non-state
actors
● Multidisciplinary look!
● Not eurocentric but preliminary insights in how the EU works on the rest of the world
● IR: umbrella term which covers all the other sub-disciplines within political science
● Machiavelli, Hobbs, Locke, etc, discussed political relations
Central (recurrent) themes
● Conflict and Cooperation
● Development and Underdevelopment
● State - Civil Society Configurations and Transnational Politics
● Integration and Fragmentation → do we need integration to decrease the triad?
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● Globalisation as (the emergence and development of) complex interdependence
,Two parts (to a certain extent a matter of logistics)
Part I (partial exams 1 and 2):
● IR as academic discipline: theories/approaches
● Rise and Decline of the West
○ From city-state to nation-state
○ Revolution and hegemony (and global transformation
○ From Eurocentric World Politics to Global Politics
Part II (partial exams 3 and 4)
● Conflict and Cooperation in the International Relations of the 20th and early 21st
Century (incl. European integration / fragmentation)
About the literature
● Jackson/Sørensen/Møller (8th edition) (see p. IX: new to this edition) → vraag ff aan
Meike
● Holman (English and Dutch edition)
● Articles (on Canvas)
● Lectures (see PowerPoint presentations on Canvas)
Assessment
● Four partial exams:
○ 2x 20 multiple choice questions (25%)
○ 2x open/knowledge question (25%)
○ Lectures 1 t/m 6 + 7 t/m 12
● Repair exam (25%): 30 multiple choice questions
● Inspections partial exams 2 and 4
Part II: Clash of Civilisations(?)
● Questionmark 1993/1996
○ Huntington became more convinced
○ 29 years ago published article, 26 years later
● After 9/11 especially, the clash of civilization as a notion is popping up again and
again in the debate by politicians and scholars
● Huntington 1927-2008 - Remaking of World Order
● University Professor at Harvard
● Director John M. Ohlin Institute for Strategic Studies: The changing security
environment and American national interests (post Cold War)
● Example of the typical American organic intellectual (coined by Gramshi)(fusion of
intellectual academic activity and politics):
○ Articles in Foreign Affairs: influencer / strategic thinker
○ National Security Council (Jimmy Carter administration)
● Publications:
○ Political order in changing societies (1968)
○ The Third Wave (1991)
○ The Clash: article (1993) and book (1996)
○ Who are we? (2004) (cultural Balkanisation: disintegration of multinational
empires (e.g Ottoman empire breaking up into nation-states))
, ■ Search for identity of the United States → threat of influx Latinos
threaten American identity because they are not assimilated → a
division of identities/civilizations shows up
● He critiqued modernization theory! (stating everyone will receive democracy (political
development because of (economic) development)
○ Untrue because in order to modernize you need political stability/order
○ He reverses the theory → you need autocracy in order to create stability and
democratization
Huntington’s clash: background and impact ... some examples
● Islam-expert Bernard Lewis (The roots of Muslim Rage, 1990)
○ Orientalism, Edward Said
● Reaction to Francis Fukuyama’s The End of History (1989 + 1992)
● Kishore Mahbubani: The New Asian Hemisphere (2008)
○ ‘Different Mindsets’ …
○ ... but common ‘March to Modernity’ (WTO)
■ WTO: World Toilet ORganisation
■ Common road to modernity? Next to this collective aim of improving
living conditions, we have different cultures, religions, etc.
■ Non-Western civilizations are no longer accepting Western
imperialism!
Basic elements Huntington-thesis
● Princes, Nations, Ideologies, Civilisations
● The end of the Cold War, some dangerous misconceptions:
○ One World: Euphoria and Harmony
○ 184 states, more or less: sheer chaos?! Now 193 states
● What is a civilisation?
● Seven or eight civilisations
● Fault lines between civilisations
What is civilization?
● “A civilisation is the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of
cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other
species”
● We are not apes, we differ from animals
● First shape of identity formation
● ⅞ civilisations …
● The most important border lines (fault lines) are the border between civilizations
○ The main conflict occurs on the borderlines!
