CELLEN SAMENVATTING
,Inhoudr
Hoorcollege 1&2...................................................................................................................................... 4
Celorganellen ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Microscopie......................................................................................................................................... 6
Hoorcollege 3&4...................................................................................................................................... 7
DNA en erfelijkheid............................................................................................................................. 7
How we know ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Chromosomen..................................................................................................................................... 9
Genoom ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Hoorcollege 5&6.................................................................................................................................... 13
How we know ................................................................................................................................... 13
DNA replicatie ................................................................................................................................... 13
Replicatiefork .................................................................................................................................... 14
Initiatie .............................................................................................................................................. 15
DNA synthese eiwitten ..................................................................................................................... 15
Het eindprobleem: telomeer replicatie ........................................................................................... 16
Hoorcollege 7 ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Proofreading ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Mutaties ............................................................................................................................................ 18
DNA repair en mismatch repair ....................................................................................................... 19
Base excisie repair (BER) .................................................................................................................. 20
Nucleotide excisie repair (NER) ........................................................................................................ 20
Nonhomologous end joining en homologous recombination ........................................................ 22
Hoorcollege 8&9.................................................................................................................................... 22
Transcriptie ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Transcriptieproces in bacterie .......................................................................................................... 23
Transcriptieproces in eukaryoot ...................................................................................................... 25
RNA capping, splicing en poly-adenilering....................................................................................... 26
Branchpoint ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Splicing katalyse door snRNPs ........................................................................................................... 28
Hoorcollege 10&11................................................................................................................................ 28
Van RNA naar eiwit........................................................................................................................... 28
Transfer RNA ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Samenstelling van eukaryotisch ribosoom ...................................................................................... 29
Eiwitten bestaan uit reeksen aminozuren ....................................................................................... 30
De polymerisatie: elongatie-fase ...................................................................................................... 30
1
, Initiatie fase ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Verschil met prokaryoten .................................................................................................................. 31
Terminatie door stopcodon............................................................................................................... 32
Gecontroleerde eiwitafbraak ............................................................................................................ 32
HC 12&13............................................................................................................................................... 32
Eiwitten bestaan uit reeksen aminozuren......................................................................................... 32
Eiwitten in een waterige omgeving ................................................................................................... 33
Zure en basen .................................................................................................................................... 33
Aminozuuropbouw ............................................................................................................................ 34
Bindingen ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Biochemie: zwakke interacties in een waterige omgeving ............................................................... 35
secundaire structuur ......................................................................................................................... 35
Domeinen .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Quartenaire structuur ....................................................................................................................... 36
Modificaties van aminozuren na eiwitsynthese ................................................................................ 36
Collageen ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Hoorcollege 14&15................................................................................................................................ 38
Bindingen ........................................................................................................................................... 38
Enzymen ............................................................................................................................................ 38
Lysozym ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Regulatie van de enzymactiviteit ...................................................................................................... 40
Een moleculaire motor ...................................................................................................................... 41
Membranen en lipiden ...................................................................................................................... 41
Het celmembraan .............................................................................................................................. 41
‘fluidity’.............................................................................................................................................. 42
Beweging in de lipide bi-laag ............................................................................................................. 43
Flip-flop.............................................................................................................................................. 43
Transport ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Membraaneiwitten ........................................................................................................................... 44
Hoorcollege 16&17................................................................................................................................ 45
Diffusie............................................................................................................................................... 45
Selectiviteit ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Activatie kanalen ............................................................................................................................... 47
Zenuwcellen en actiepotentialen ...................................................................................................... 48
Synaps................................................................................................................................................ 49
Hoorcollege 18&19................................................................................................................................ 50
2
, Celorganellen..................................................................................................................................... 50
Transport de kern in .......................................................................................................................... 51
Transmembraan transport ................................................................................................................ 51
Vesiculair transport ........................................................................................................................... 53
Secretie .............................................................................................................................................. 55
Hoorcollege 20&21................................................................................................................................ 57
Celsignalering .................................................................................................................................... 57
Moleculaire schakelaars – 1 .............................................................................................................. 58
Moleculaire schakelaars – 2 .............................................................................................................. 59
3 klassen cel oppervlakte receptoren ............................................................................................... 60
G-eiwit gekoppelde receptoren (GPCRs)........................................................................................... 60
Enzym gekoppelde receptoren ......................................................................................................... 65
Overige cascades ............................................................................................................................... 68
Hoorcollege 22&23................................................................................................................................ 69
De celcyclus ....................................................................................................................................... 69
Cycline/CDK complexen .................................................................................................................... 70
Eén replicatie per celcyclus ............................................................................................................... 73
G1-fase .............................................................................................................................................. 73
G1 naar S ........................................................................................................................................... 73
Apoptose ........................................................................................................................................... 76
Samenvatting..................................................................................................................................... 77
Hoorcollege 24&25................................................................................................................................ 78
Cytoskelet .......................................................................................................................................... 78
Intermediare filamenten ................................................................................................................... 78
Microtubuli ........................................................................................................................................ 79
Microtubuli motoren ......................................................................................................................... 81
Actine filamenten .............................................................................................................................. 83
Myosines ........................................................................................................................................... 84
Spieren............................................................................................................................................... 85
Hoorcollege 26 en 27 ............................................................................................................................ 87
Mitotisch overzicht ............................................................................................................................ 87
Mitotische fasen ................................................................................................................................ 88
Cytokinese ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Weefsels ............................................................................................................................................ 94
Epitheel en junctions ......................................................................................................................... 98
Hoorcollege 28&29.............................................................................................................................. 102
3
, Microbiologie .................................................................................................................................. 102
Ontdekking ...................................................................................................................................... 102
Hoe is leven ontstaan ...................................................................................................................... 102
Opbouw ........................................................................................................................................... 104
Hoorcollege 30&31.............................................................................................................................. 107
Model levende cel ........................................................................................................................... 107
Karakteristieken van leven .............................................................................................................. 107
Metabolisme ................................................................................................................................... 108
Reproductie ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Differentiatie ................................................................................................................................... 111
Communicatie ................................................................................................................................. 112
Beweging ......................................................................................................................................... 113
Evolutie ............................................................................................................................................ 113
Hoorcollege 1&2
Celorganellen:
- Cytoskelet
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Celmembraan
- Golgi-apparaat
- Endoplasmatisch reticulum
- Endosomes
- Peroxisomen
4
, Cytoskelet
Bestaande uit:
- Microtubuli: worden gebruikt als snelweg, en helpen ook bij de celdeling
- Actine filamenten
- Intermediare filamenten: sterkte
Nucleus
Bevat het DNA
De nucleus is omgeven door een nuclear envelopen, waardoor niet alles erin of eruit kan.
➔ In LM zijn de kleinere donkere spots in de kern de nucleoli. Deze maken ribosomen.
Je ziet in de kern twee dingen:
- Euchromatine: het losse DNA, dat dus gebruikt wordt
- Heterochromatine: het dikke DNA, wordt wel getranscribeerd.
Mitochondria
- Inner & outer membrane
- Maakt ATP
- Symbiotisch
Endoplasmatisch reticulum
Synthese van vetten en eiwitten
- Komt van de nuclear envelope
- De zwarte puntjes zijn ribosomen, op het ruwe ER
- In het gladde ER worden vetten afberoken
Golgi-apparaat
1. Bewerkt nieuwe proteïnen
2. Verpakt enzymen
3. Sorteert alle materialen
Lysosomen
Deze zijn de maag van de cel. Het breekt dingen af
5
,Inhoudr
Hoorcollege 1&2...................................................................................................................................... 4
Celorganellen ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Microscopie......................................................................................................................................... 6
Hoorcollege 3&4...................................................................................................................................... 7
DNA en erfelijkheid............................................................................................................................. 7
How we know ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Chromosomen..................................................................................................................................... 9
Genoom ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Hoorcollege 5&6.................................................................................................................................... 13
How we know ................................................................................................................................... 13
DNA replicatie ................................................................................................................................... 13
Replicatiefork .................................................................................................................................... 14
Initiatie .............................................................................................................................................. 15
DNA synthese eiwitten ..................................................................................................................... 15
Het eindprobleem: telomeer replicatie ........................................................................................... 16
Hoorcollege 7 ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Proofreading ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Mutaties ............................................................................................................................................ 18
DNA repair en mismatch repair ....................................................................................................... 19
Base excisie repair (BER) .................................................................................................................. 20
Nucleotide excisie repair (NER) ........................................................................................................ 20
Nonhomologous end joining en homologous recombination ........................................................ 22
Hoorcollege 8&9.................................................................................................................................... 22
Transcriptie ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Transcriptieproces in bacterie .......................................................................................................... 23
Transcriptieproces in eukaryoot ...................................................................................................... 25
RNA capping, splicing en poly-adenilering....................................................................................... 26
Branchpoint ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Splicing katalyse door snRNPs ........................................................................................................... 28
Hoorcollege 10&11................................................................................................................................ 28
Van RNA naar eiwit........................................................................................................................... 28
Transfer RNA ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Samenstelling van eukaryotisch ribosoom ...................................................................................... 29
Eiwitten bestaan uit reeksen aminozuren ....................................................................................... 30
De polymerisatie: elongatie-fase ...................................................................................................... 30
1
, Initiatie fase ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Verschil met prokaryoten .................................................................................................................. 31
Terminatie door stopcodon............................................................................................................... 32
Gecontroleerde eiwitafbraak ............................................................................................................ 32
HC 12&13............................................................................................................................................... 32
Eiwitten bestaan uit reeksen aminozuren......................................................................................... 32
Eiwitten in een waterige omgeving ................................................................................................... 33
Zure en basen .................................................................................................................................... 33
Aminozuuropbouw ............................................................................................................................ 34
Bindingen ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Biochemie: zwakke interacties in een waterige omgeving ............................................................... 35
secundaire structuur ......................................................................................................................... 35
Domeinen .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Quartenaire structuur ....................................................................................................................... 36
Modificaties van aminozuren na eiwitsynthese ................................................................................ 36
Collageen ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Hoorcollege 14&15................................................................................................................................ 38
Bindingen ........................................................................................................................................... 38
Enzymen ............................................................................................................................................ 38
Lysozym ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Regulatie van de enzymactiviteit ...................................................................................................... 40
Een moleculaire motor ...................................................................................................................... 41
Membranen en lipiden ...................................................................................................................... 41
Het celmembraan .............................................................................................................................. 41
‘fluidity’.............................................................................................................................................. 42
Beweging in de lipide bi-laag ............................................................................................................. 43
Flip-flop.............................................................................................................................................. 43
Transport ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Membraaneiwitten ........................................................................................................................... 44
Hoorcollege 16&17................................................................................................................................ 45
Diffusie............................................................................................................................................... 45
Selectiviteit ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Activatie kanalen ............................................................................................................................... 47
Zenuwcellen en actiepotentialen ...................................................................................................... 48
Synaps................................................................................................................................................ 49
Hoorcollege 18&19................................................................................................................................ 50
2
, Celorganellen..................................................................................................................................... 50
Transport de kern in .......................................................................................................................... 51
Transmembraan transport ................................................................................................................ 51
Vesiculair transport ........................................................................................................................... 53
Secretie .............................................................................................................................................. 55
Hoorcollege 20&21................................................................................................................................ 57
Celsignalering .................................................................................................................................... 57
Moleculaire schakelaars – 1 .............................................................................................................. 58
Moleculaire schakelaars – 2 .............................................................................................................. 59
3 klassen cel oppervlakte receptoren ............................................................................................... 60
G-eiwit gekoppelde receptoren (GPCRs)........................................................................................... 60
Enzym gekoppelde receptoren ......................................................................................................... 65
Overige cascades ............................................................................................................................... 68
Hoorcollege 22&23................................................................................................................................ 69
De celcyclus ....................................................................................................................................... 69
Cycline/CDK complexen .................................................................................................................... 70
Eén replicatie per celcyclus ............................................................................................................... 73
G1-fase .............................................................................................................................................. 73
G1 naar S ........................................................................................................................................... 73
Apoptose ........................................................................................................................................... 76
Samenvatting..................................................................................................................................... 77
Hoorcollege 24&25................................................................................................................................ 78
Cytoskelet .......................................................................................................................................... 78
Intermediare filamenten ................................................................................................................... 78
Microtubuli ........................................................................................................................................ 79
Microtubuli motoren ......................................................................................................................... 81
Actine filamenten .............................................................................................................................. 83
Myosines ........................................................................................................................................... 84
Spieren............................................................................................................................................... 85
Hoorcollege 26 en 27 ............................................................................................................................ 87
Mitotisch overzicht ............................................................................................................................ 87
Mitotische fasen ................................................................................................................................ 88
Cytokinese ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Weefsels ............................................................................................................................................ 94
Epitheel en junctions ......................................................................................................................... 98
Hoorcollege 28&29.............................................................................................................................. 102
3
, Microbiologie .................................................................................................................................. 102
Ontdekking ...................................................................................................................................... 102
Hoe is leven ontstaan ...................................................................................................................... 102
Opbouw ........................................................................................................................................... 104
Hoorcollege 30&31.............................................................................................................................. 107
Model levende cel ........................................................................................................................... 107
Karakteristieken van leven .............................................................................................................. 107
Metabolisme ................................................................................................................................... 108
Reproductie ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Differentiatie ................................................................................................................................... 111
Communicatie ................................................................................................................................. 112
Beweging ......................................................................................................................................... 113
Evolutie ............................................................................................................................................ 113
Hoorcollege 1&2
Celorganellen:
- Cytoskelet
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Celmembraan
- Golgi-apparaat
- Endoplasmatisch reticulum
- Endosomes
- Peroxisomen
4
, Cytoskelet
Bestaande uit:
- Microtubuli: worden gebruikt als snelweg, en helpen ook bij de celdeling
- Actine filamenten
- Intermediare filamenten: sterkte
Nucleus
Bevat het DNA
De nucleus is omgeven door een nuclear envelopen, waardoor niet alles erin of eruit kan.
➔ In LM zijn de kleinere donkere spots in de kern de nucleoli. Deze maken ribosomen.
Je ziet in de kern twee dingen:
- Euchromatine: het losse DNA, dat dus gebruikt wordt
- Heterochromatine: het dikke DNA, wordt wel getranscribeerd.
Mitochondria
- Inner & outer membrane
- Maakt ATP
- Symbiotisch
Endoplasmatisch reticulum
Synthese van vetten en eiwitten
- Komt van de nuclear envelope
- De zwarte puntjes zijn ribosomen, op het ruwe ER
- In het gladde ER worden vetten afberoken
Golgi-apparaat
1. Bewerkt nieuwe proteïnen
2. Verpakt enzymen
3. Sorteert alle materialen
Lysosomen
Deze zijn de maag van de cel. Het breekt dingen af
5
