College aantekeningen

Demography and Epidemiology of Ageing and Migration in the EU Lectures

0 keer verkocht

Instelling
Maastricht University (UM)

lectures from the course 'demography and epidemiology of ageing and migration in the EU' from the study year 21/22 of European Public Health year 2

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 4 van de 36 pagina's

Bekijk voorbeeld

Geupload op 2 oktober 2022
Aantal pagina's 36
Geschreven in 2021/2022
Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) Martijn bours
Bevat Alle colleges

EPH2021 Introduction + Lecture 1 (30/8/21)
Population study - a study of the numbers and kinds of people in an area and their changes

● Seeking explanation for the patterns of a variation in a population and causes of changes
● Projecting future changes and analyzing future consequences

Demography - the statistical analysis of population data

Sources of data

● Historical sources
● Genealogies
● Cemetery data
● Church records
● Military records
● Censuses
● Population registers

Topics of study

● Population size and distribution
● Mortality and morbidity
● Fertility and contraception
● +Immigration/emigration rates
● Population composition - age, gender, race, ethnicity
● Population characteristics - education, economic status, marital and family status, living patterns

Demographic transition - a decrease of death rates followed by a period of a strong decrease in birth rates

● People used to need to have a lot of children because not all of them would survive, and you needed them
to provide for you
● This demographic transition was a result of the epidemiological transition

Epidemiological transition - dominance infections diseases —> dominance chronic diseases

● Longer life not necessarily healthier life - because we live longer, more people get (chronic) diseases

,Example: Netherlands change in demography

● Life expectancy increase from 40 to 80+
● Increase because of:
● Better hygiene (epidemics/pandemics)
● Better nutrition (quality & famine)
● To lesser extent: interventions like antibiotics & vaccines

Determinants

● Exogenous
● Physical environment
● Lifestyle
● Social surrounding
● Endogenous or personal traits
● Hereditary
● Gained (somatic/psychic)

Health inequalities
Health inequalities can be attributed to socio-economic inequalities/background (known for ages)
Socio-economic status

● Level of education
● Occupational class
● Income level

Differs between:

● Gender
● City - countryside
● Indigenous and immigrants

Trends
From the cradle to the grave

● Children from low SES
● More often lower birth weight
● More often premature
● More often congenital anomalies

Death rates higher from conception onwards

● Stillbirths
● Neonatal mortality
● Infant mortality

Future trends world

● In 2100 stabilizing world population
● 97% of future population growth occurs in Africa and Asia
● In poor regions
● Birth rates in Europe below replacement level
● Ageing populations
● Migration (war, famine and climate) —> within Europe and to Europe

, ● Rapid urbanization

Lecture 3 - Migration in the EU, past and current developments and
relevance for EPH (2/9/21)
What is migration?

● Migration is a movement of people from one administrative territory to another
● External migration = different country, internal = within same country (eg province)
● Migration is primarily driven by search for better opportunities (work/health/education/lifestyle) and preferred
lifestyle elsewhere

Key historic points

● The era of colonialism starting in the 16th century
● Industrialization (leading to urbanization) from the 18th century
● Moving for rural to city better work/life opportunities
● World wars and after: transformation of Western Europe from a region of colonizers and emigrants into a
region of immigration
● Decolonization led to the end of large-scale European emigration and to the departure of European settlers
from Africa and Asia
● Recruitment-based and spontaneous migration to Europe
● Since the 1960s, the Mediterranean, in particular Turkey and Morocco become predominant sources of
migrant workers in Western and Southern Europe
● After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, countries in central and Eastern Europe become main labor suppliers
to Western European economies
● Since the 2000s, immigration from Latin America and Asia to Europe gained ground

Migration terminology
The United Nations definitions (depends how long):

● An international migrant who changes his or her place of usual residence for at least one year is defined
as a long-term migrant.
● Migrant = broad term to describe movement
● A person who changes his or her place of usual residence for more than three months but less than one
year is considered to be a short term migrant.

The 1945 Refugee Convention a key international legal document signed by 149 states:

● Refugee is “someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded
fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or
political opinion.”
● Specific type of migration which refers to forced change of residency

Why do people migrate?
Push and pull factors

● Social (education, family)
● Economic (employment opportunities, accessibility of products/housing)
● Political (discrimination, freedom, conflicts)
● Demographic (population size and structure / disease prevalence)

, ● Environmental reasons (exposure to hazards and access to resources: land fertility and habitability, floods
and natural disasters)
● Debate in the field about if anyone migrates solely because of climate
● More so that it exacerbates the already poor situation
● Environmental change will alter populations’ exposure to natural hazards, and migration is, in many
cases, the only response to this
● Migration in the face of global environment

- For example: 17 million people were displaced by natural hazards in 2009 and 42 million in 2010.
- The key message of the report: migration in the face of global environmental change may not be just part of
the ‘problem’ but can also be part of the solution. In particular, planned and facilitated approaches to human
migration can ease people out of situations and vulnerability.

Potential explanation

- Change in the cultural and ethnic background of migrant groups
- Post-WWII change in global migration movements in which South-North migration has strongly increased
- The increased visibility of different migrant groups

Migration myths

‘Poverty and misery are the root causes of migration’

- Migration costs money
- A certain level of socioeconomic development combined with global inequality of development opportunities,
seems to be the most important cause of migration

‘Migration provokes brain drain’

- The situation is more nuanced
- Not all migrants are highly skilled
- Many governments consider skilled labour to be an export product for the purpose of generation remittances
E.g. nurses in Philippines

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper shaynageurten. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 68175 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis