College aantekeningen
Aantekeningen AEL
- Vak
- AEL
- Instelling
- Hogeschool Van Amsterdam (HvA)
Aantekeningen colleges van AEL
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 31 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 31 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Analyzing the English LanguageThe field of grammar
Morphology= (woordstructuur/vorming) the study of word
formation (how words are formed/the form of words)
Syntax= (zinsbouw; functions and structure) how words are put
together in clauses and sentences sentence and clause analysis,
word order.
The morpheme the word the phrase the clause the sentence
The parts of a word
Many words cannot be broken down into grammatical parts: yes, parrot,
elephant.
Some of the words have more than one syllable (par-rot, e-le-phant), but
the syllables do not have a separate meaning. It does not make sense to
ask, ‘What does the phant of elephant mean?’ When a word has no
meaningful parts, we say it consist only of a base form.
More complex words can be built up by adding other elements to the base
form, each one having a separate meaning or use. These other elements
are called prefixes and suffixes.
When we add a meaningful element before the base form, we call it a
prefix.
Some express the meaning ‘not’: un-, non-, dis-, in-, im-
Some express a notion of size or degree: super-, under-, sub-
Several other meanings can be expressed by prefixes, such as:
- reversing an action: disconnect, defrost, unpack.
- going wrong: malfunction, misfire, pseudo-scientific.
- point of view: anti-perspirant, pro-American, counterespionage.
- time: ex-husband, pre-war, foretell.
- number: bicycle, monorail, unisex, tricycle.
- location: international, subway, forearm, transatlantic.
Suffix
When we add a meaningful element after the base form of a word, we call
it a suffix. Suffixes play an important role in constructing grammatical
sentences in English – and most of them help to build up our vocabulary as
well.
Some change verbs into nouns:
break- + -age breakage, act- + -or actor.
, Some make the meaning of a noun more abstract:
friend- + -ship friendship, race- + -ism racism.
Several other functions can be performed by suffixes, such as:
Turning adjectives into adverbs:
quick + -ly quickly, happy + -ly happily
Turning adjectives into verbs:
modern + -ize modernize, simple + -ify simplify
Turning nouns into adjectives:
hero + -ic heroic, child + -like childlike
The suffixes which have most to do with grammar are of a different kind.
These are the word-endings called inflections.
Prefixes and suffixes together
A prefix and a suffix may both be used along with one base form:
un-drink-able bi-lingual-ism
Sometimes more than one prefix or suffix may be used in the same word:
nation-al-iz-ation un-re-turn-able
We can make quite lengthy words in English by combining prefixes and
suffixes in this way. Scientific terms are often very long, for this reason,
and people have even invented ‘monster’ words, using several prefixes
and suffixes:
de-oxy-ribo-nucle-ic
anti-dis-establish-ment-arian-ism
When words have a string of elements in this way, it isn’t usually possible
to change their order. We cannot say:
Re-un-turnable nation-iz-al-ation
Word endings
One small group of suffixes can be used only at the one end of a word,
after the other suffixes, if there are any. After spoon, we can add an -s
ending and say spoons. After jump we can add an -ed ending and say
jumped. Word endings like this are called inflections. Inflections don’t
have meanings like those of other suffixes. The job of an inflection is
grammatical: it shows how a word is being used in a sentence.
Inflections you can add to nouns
One type of inflection shows that there is ‘more than one’ noun
(plural). The usual ending is -s, as in cats, but there are also some
irregular plurals, such as mice.
Another inflection expresses the idea of ‘belonging’. The giraffe’s
neck means ‘the neck belonging to the giraffe’. This inflection is
popularly called ‘apostrophe s’ but you will hear it more technically
called the genitive inflection.
Inflections you can add to verbs
, The meaning of ‘past time’ is expressed by adding an inflection to a
verb.
I walked or I ran (not runned) & I said (not sayed)
Another verb inflection expresses a meaning of ‘action in progress’
by adding an -ing ending, as in I’m drinking
Putting an -s ending after a verb shows that just one person – but
not the speaker or the person you are talking to – is currently
carrying out an action.
You can add n’t after certain verbs to express ‘not’: they aren’t.
Compound words
It is possible to have words which look quite complicated, but which do not
have any prefixes or suffixes. This is usually because two base forms have
been joined together. Arm is one base form and chair is another. If we add
arm and chair, we get armchair. Words like this, which consist of more
than one base form, are called compound words. There are thousands of
compounds in English.
TIP Terminology
Metalanguage = words that are used for talking about or describing
language.
Terminology = the technical words or expressions that are used in a
particular subject.
Types of sentences
Simple consist of just one clause
Multiple consist of more than one clause (2+)
Regular sentences that can be broken down into a limited pattern
of elements
Irregular make use of unusual patterns; common in notices,
headlines, labels (bloks of text): formulars, emotional
noises/interjections, proverbs/aphorisms
Frozen sentence irregular sentences that need to be learned as a
whole (cannot be altered): Lord forbid! How come? Etc.
Sentence fragment
a phrase or clause written as a sentence but lacking an element, as a
subject or verb, that would enable it to function as an independent
sentence.
Types of verbs
Main/auxiliary
Main verbs carry the (lexical) meaning of the action: jump, eat,
shout, sleep, run
, Auxiliary verbs helping verbs that express further aspects of
meaning and help form tenses, questions, negatives, etc.: I can
jump. Did you eat? She must sleep
Transitive/intransitive
Transitive verbs verbs followed by an object: I baked a cake I
baked what? (a cake is a direct object – ‘baked’ is transitive)
Intransitive verbs verbs that are followed by an object: I baked
all day I baked when? (all day is an adverbial of time – ‘baked’ is
intransitive)
Terminology
Subject (onderwerp) the doer of the action expressed by the verb
element.
Verb element/predicator (werkwoordelijk gezegde) expresses the
action performed by the subject.
Direct object (lijdend voorwerp) is affected by the subject/subject acts
on it.
Indirect object (resembles meewerkerd voorwerp) the recipient of the
direct object.
Subject complement gives information about the subject (follows a
linking verb)
Object complement gives information about the object (follows the
object)
Adverbial (adjunct) (bijwoordelijke bepaling) describes the
circumstances in which the action has taken place (e.g. place, time,
manner, etc.)
Sentence clauses
Subject (S)
= doer of the action
Introduces the topic of the sentence
Usually at the start of the sentence, before VE/P
Verb element (V)/predicator
Expresses the action (what happens/goes on), state of being,
sensation
“A verb is a word that can show tense, such as present and past.”
After a subject
(in)transitivity: the verb determines if more elements are needed.
Direct object (DO)
Who/what + subject + verb
Indirect object (IO)
Who/what receives/benefits from the action? To whom is the action
performed?
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper manalabdulkadir. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 47561 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen