Summary of all prescribed chapters for INF3720 - Human Computer Interaction II. Textbook: Interaction Design 5th edition. Headings and figures with page references to the textbook.
Chapter 14: Understanding Cognition and Decision-Making in Interaction Design
INF3720 Assignment 2 solutions
INF3720_ Human-Computer Interaction Study Notes.
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INF3720 - Human-Computer Interaction II (INF3720)
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29/07/2022, 15:54 Chapter 08 - Data Gathering
Chapter 08 - Data gathering (258)
8.1 Intro (258)
- data can be:
> qualitative
> quantitative
- within the requirements activity, data gathering is conducted to collect sufficient, accurate and relevant data so that design can proceed
- within evaluation, data gathering captures user reactions and their performance with a system or prototype
- three main techniques used for data gathering:
> interviews
asking structured or unstructured questions to interviewees (conversation)
> questionaires
a series of questions designed to be answered asynchronously (without the presence of the inverstigator)
> observation
directly or indirectly spending time with individuals observing their activities as they happen
indirect: making a record of the user's activities as it happens to be studied later
8.2 Five Key Issues (259)
- these require atttention for a data gathering session to be succesful
> goal setting
> identifying participants
> relationship between the data collector and the provider
> triangulation
> pilot studies
8.2.1 Setting Goals (259)
- the main reason for data gathering is to glean information about users, their behaviour or their reaction to technology
- it is important (before beginning) to set specific goals for a study
> these goals will influence the nature of the data gathering sessions, data gathering techniques used and the analysis to be perrformed
> goals can be expressed more or less formally
goals should be clear and concise
in interaction design, goals for data gathering are commonly expressed informally
8.2.2 Identifying Participants (260)
- goals developed will indicate the types of people from whom data is to be gathered
- population / study population: people who fit the profile (data providers)
- sampling: when the participants for data gathering need to be chosen
- saturation sampling: the situation where all members of the target population are accessible
- assuming that only a portion of the populationwill be involved in data gathering, there are two options:
1 probability sampling
random sampling or stratified sampling
2 nonprobability sampling
convenience sampling or volunteer panels
- random sampling: using a random number generator or choosing every n'th person in a list
- stratified sampling: relies on being able to divide the population into groups and then applying random sampling
- convenience sampling: used to describe a situation where the sample includes those who were available rather than those specifically
selected
> snowball sampling: current participants find others etc etc (a type of convenience sampling)
- difference between 1 and 2: in probability sampling (1), you can apply statistical tests and generalize to the whole population, while in
nonprobability sampling (2), such generalization is not robust
> using statistics also requires a sufficient number of participants
8.2.3 Relationships with Participants (261)
- the relationship must be clear and profecional to help clarify the nature of the study
> this is achieved by consent forms signed by the participants
this doc asks the participant to confirm that the purpose of the data gathering and how the data will be used has been explained to
them and that they are willing to continue
it explains that their data will be private and will be kept securely
includes a statement that participants may withdraw at any time and then none of their data will be used in the study
> this consent form is intended to protect the interests of both parties involved
> this consent form is also not required when gathering requirements data for a commercial company where a contract exists between
the data collector and provider
- incentives to take part in data gathering may also be needed
8.2.4 Triangulation (263)
- triangulation: the investigtion of a phenomenon from two different perspectives
4 types of triangulation:
- triangulation of data: data that is drawn from different sources at different times in different places from different people
- investigator triangulation: different researchers have been involved in collecting and interpreting data
- triangulation of theories: use of different theoretical frameworks through which to view the data or findings
- methodological triangulation: to employ different data gathering techniques
- the last is the most common to validate the results of some inquity by pointing to similar results yielded through different perspectives
- validation through true triangulation is difficult to achieve
> different data gathering methods result in different kinds of data, which may or may not be compatible
- using more than one data gathering technique abd more than one data analysis approach is good practice as it leads to insights from the
different approaches even though it may not be achieving true triangulation
- triangulation has sometimes been used to make up for the limitations of another type of data collection
> this is a different rationale from the original idea, which has more to do with the verification and reliability of data
- checking for 'ground truth': triangulation used (in crowd sourcing and other studies involving large amounts of data) to check that the data
collected from the orginal study is real and reliable
8.2.5 Pilot studies (264)
- a small trial run of the main study
> aim is to ensure that the method is viable before doing the real study
> this can idenfity potential problems in advance so that they can be corrected
- anyone involved in the pilot study cannot be involved in the main study
8.3 Data Recording (265)
- data is captured to analyze and share results from data gathering sessions
- some forms of data gathering are self-documenting and no further recording is required
- other techniques required recording:
> most common recording techniques are taking notes, photos, or recording audio or video
> several data recording techniques are used together
- common data recording approaches are 8.3.1 and on
8.3.1 Notes plus Photos (265)
file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/Unisa/Human Computer Interaction 2 - INF3720/Human Computer Interaction - INF3720/chapter 08 - data gathering/pa… 2/11
,29/07/2022, 15:54 Chapter 08 - Data Gathering
- taking notes is the least technical and most flexible way to record daa
- handwritten notes may be transcribed in part or in full and is the first step in analysis
- pros and cons of handwritten notes discussed here
- if needed, photos and videos of artifacts, events and the env can suppliment notes and hand drawn sketches, providing that permission has
been gien to collect data using these approaches
8.3.2 Audio plus Photos (266)
- audio recordings are a useful alternative to note taking and is less intrusive than video
- during observation, it allows observers to focus on the activity rather than trying to capture every spoken word
- it allows the interviewer to pay more attention to the interviewee
- often, only sections are transcribed depending on the goals of the study
- audio is often supplimented with photos
8.3.3 Video (266)
- smartphones can be used to collect short video clips of activity
> easy to use and less obstrusive than setting up cameras
- for longer videos, more sophisticated cameras may be needed
- other ways of capturing facial expressions together with verbal comments are also being used (GoToMeeting) which can be operated in
person or remotely
- when considering the use of a camera, consider the following issues:
> decide whether to fix the camera position or use a roving recorder
> decide where to point the camera to get what is required
> understanding the impact of the recording on participants
8.4 Interviews (267)
- "conversation with a purpose"
4 types of interviews:
- open-ended / unstructured
- structured
- semi-structured
- group interviews (or focus group)
- most appropriate approach to an interview depends on:
> the purpose thereof
> questions to be addressed
> the interaction design activity
8.4.1 Unstructured Interviews (267)
- exploratory type and are similar to converations around a particular topic and can go into great depth
- questions posed by the interviewer are open-ended
- probing: asking questions to let the speaker elaborate
- despite being open-ended, the interviewed needs a plan of the main topics to be covered so that they can make sure all topics are discussed
- benefit of this type of interview: they generate rich data that is often interrelated and complex (data that provides a deep understanding of
the topic)
- interviewees may also mention issues that the interviewer had not considered
8.4.2 Structured Interviews (268)
- interviewer asks predetermined questions similar to those in a questionaire
- same questions are used with all participants so that the study is standarized (& asked in the same order)
- questions must be short and clearly worded & are closed questions (required an answer from a predetermined set of alternatives)
- these interviews are only useful when the goals are clearly understood and specific questions can be identified
8.4.3 Semi-structured Interviews (268)
- combine features of structured & unstructured interviews and use open and close ended questions
- interviewer has a basic script for guidance so that the same topics are covered with each participant
- it is important not to pre-empt an answer by phrasing a question to suggest that a particular answer is expected
- probes are useful for getting more information
- these interviews are intended to be replicable, so probing and prompting aim to move the interview along without introducint bias
, 29/07/2022, 15:54 Chapter 08 - Data Gathering
- interviews are often conducted with one interviewer & one participant
- focus groups: 3 - 10 people involved in a discussion led by a trained facilitator
> participants are selected to provide a representative sample of the target population
- in requirements activities, a focus group may be help in order to identify conflicts in expectations or terminology from different
stakeholders
- benefit of focus groups:
> allows diverse or sensitive issues to be raised that might be missed
- focus groups are more approproate to investigate shared issues rather than individual experiences
- a preset agenda is developed to guide the discussion, but there is sufficient flexibility for the facilitator to folow unanticipated issues as they
are raised
- the facilitator does the following:
> guides and prompts discussion
> encourages quiet people to participate
> stops verbose ones from dominating the discussion
- discussion is usually recorder for later analysis
- the format of focus groups can be adapted to fit within local cultural settings
8.4.5 Planning and Conducting an Interview (271)
- involves:
> developing a set of questions or topics to be covered,
> collating any documentation to give to the interviewee,
> checking that recording equipment works,
> structuring the interviews and
> organizing a suitable place and time:
Developing Interview Questions (271)
Guidelines for developing interview questions:
- long or compound questions can be difficult / confusing so split them into more questions
- interviewees may not understand jargon or complex language, so be straightforward
- keep questions neutral
- when collecting answers to closed-ended question, list possible responses together with boxes that can be checked
Running the Interview (275)
- before starting, ensure that the goals have been explained to the interviewee and that they are willing to proceed
- finding out about the interviewee and their environment before the interview will make it easier to put them to ease
- during the interview, listen more than talk
> respond with empathy but without bias
> appear to enjoy the interview
- common sequence for an interview:
> introduction
> warm-up session
> main session
> colling-off period
> closing session
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