Biologie 1
Inhoudsopgave
Week 1 diversiteit van het leven .................................................................................................................... 3
Hoofdstuk 1 biologiy and its themes ................................................................................................................ 3
1.1 the study of life reveals unifying themes ............................................................................................. 3
1.2 the core theme: evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life ................................................. 7
1.3 in studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses ...................................................................... 9
1.4 science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints ............................................. 11
Week 2 Dierlijk weefsels .............................................................................................................................. 12
Hoofdstuk 40 The animal body ....................................................................................................................... 12
40.1 animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization ..................................................... 12
40.2 feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals .................................................. 16
40.3 homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function and behavior ................................ 17
40.4 energy requirements are related to animal size, activity and environment. ............................................ 19
Week 3 plantaardige weefsels ...................................................................................................................... 21
Hoofdstuk 35 Plant structure and growth ...................................................................................................... 21
35.1 plant have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues and cells ........................................ 21
35.2 different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth ........................................... 27
35.3 primary growth lengthens roots and shoots ............................................................................................ 28
35.4 secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants ...................................... 31
35.5 growth, morphogenesis and cell differentiation produce the plant body ................................................ 33
Week 4 Evolutie ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Hoofdstuk 22 Phylogenetic Reconstruction .................................................................................................... 36
22.1 phylogenies show evolutionary relationships .......................................................................................... 36
22.2 phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data .......................................................... 38
22.3 shared character are used to construct phylogenetic trees ..................................................................... 40
22.4 an organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome ........................................................... 41
22.5 molecular clocks help track evolutionary time ......................................................................................... 42
22.6 our understanding of the tree of life continuous to change based on new data ..................................... 43
Hoofdstuk 25 macroevolution ......................................................................................................................... 44
25.1 conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible ....................................................................... 44
25.2 the fossil record documents the history of life ......................................................................................... 45
25.3 key events in life’s history include the origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms and the
colonization of land .......................................................................................................................................... 47
25.4 the rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extension rates ................ 49
25.5 major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental
genes ................................................................................................................................................................ 51
25.6 evolution is not goal oriented................................................................................................................... 53
Week 5 Prokaryoten en Archaea .................................................................................................................. 54
, Hoofdstuk 27 Prokaryotes ................................................................................................................................ 54
27.1 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success................................................ 54
27.2 rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes. ... 56
27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes .......................................... 57
27.4 prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages ......................................................................... 58
27.5 prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere ........................................................................................ 61
27.6 prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans ........................................................ 61
Week 6 Schimmels ....................................................................................................................................... 62
Hoofdstuk 31 Schimmels ................................................................................................................................. 62
31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption ...................................................................................... 62
31.2 fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles ...................................................................... 64
31.3 the ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist ................................................... 65
31.4 fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages .................................................................................... 66
31.5 fungo play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions and human welfare .............................. 68
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, Week 1 diversiteit van het leven
Hoofdstuk 1 biologiy and its themes
You can organize the information you encounter in biology in 5 themes.
- Organization
- Information
- Energy and matter
- Interactions
- Evolution
Evolution organization information Energy and matter interactions
Beach mouse’s coat Reductionism reduces Transmitted from parents to The input of energy, Consider the regulation
color matches its complex systems to offspring, genes are the units primarily from the sun, of blood sugar level, for
sandy habitat simpler components that of inheritance. They encode and the transformation instance. Cells in the
are more manageable to the information necessary to of energy from one form body must match the
study. build all of the molecules to another make life supply of fuel (sugar) to
synthesized within a cell, possible demand, regulating the
which in turn establish that opposing processes of
cell’s identity and function. sugar breakdown and
storage.
A particular sequence of When a plant’s leaves after a meal the level of
nucleotides means the same absorb sunlight in the the sugar glucose in your
thing in one organism as it process of blood rises, which
does in another. photosynthesis, stimulates cells of the
molecules within the pancreas to secrete
leaves convert the insulin. Insulin, in turn,
energy of sunlight to the causes body cells to take
chemical energy of food, up glucose and liver cells
such as sugars. to store it, thus
decreasing the blood
glucose level.
1.1 the study of life reveals unifying themes
organization
the study of life on earth extends from the microscopic scale of the ,olecules and cells to the
glabal scale of the entire living planet. As biologist, we can didide this enormous range intyo
different levels of biological organization.
Zooming in at ever-finer resolution illustrates the principle that underlies reductionism, an
approach that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable
to study. This approach allows us to see novel properties emerge at each level that are
absent from the preceding one. These emergent properties (new properties that arise with
each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts
as complexity increases) are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity
increases.
Emergent properties are not unique to life. A box of bicycle parts won’t transport you
anywhere, but if they are arranged in a certain way, you can pedal to your chosen
destination.
To fully explore emergent properties, biologists today complement reductionism with
systems biology, the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among
its parts.
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, Structure and function
At each level of the biological hierarchy, we find a correlation between structure and
function. Because such correlations of structure and function are common in all living things,
analyzing a biological structure gives us clues about what it does and how it works.
The cell: an organism’s basic unit of structure and function
The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life.
The so-called Cell Theory was first developed in the 1800s, based on the observations of
many scientists. The theory states that all living organisms are made of cells, which are the
basic unit of life.
We distinguish two main forms of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are
found in two groups of single-celled microorganisms, bacteria (singular, bacterium) and
archaea (singular, archaean). All other forms of life, including plants and animals, are
composed of eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane
enclosed nucleus and membrane
enclosed organelles. Organisms with
eukaryotic cells (protists, plants,
fungi and animals) are called
eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic cells don’t have a
membrane enclosed nucleus and
membrane enclosed organelles.
Organisms with prokaryotic cells
(bacteria and archaea) are called
prokaryotes.
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