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Frijda – The laws of Emotion:
Emotional phenomena are lawful, which implies that emotions emerge, wax, and
wane according to rules in strictly determined fashion.
The law of situational meaning:
The law of situational meaning: Emotions arise in response to the meaning
structures of given situations; different emotions arise in response to different
meaning structures.
this law refers to the fact that emotions tend to be elicited by particular types
of event (e.g. grief is elicited by loss, anger by insults or frustrations, etc).
However, even when this is obvious, regularity and mechanism are involved
emotions arise in response to events that are important to the individual, and
which importance he or she appraises(schatten) in some way. Events that satisfy
the individual’s goals, or promise to do so, yield positive emotions; events that
harm or threaten the individual’s concerns lead to negative emotions; and
emotions are elicited by novel or unexpected events.
Input: some event with its particular kind of meaning (e.g. loss); output: an
emotion of a particular kind (e.g. grief) law of situational meaning. Maar het is
vooral de betekenis en de schatting van de persoon die tellen; ofwel, de relatie
tussen de gebeurtenis en de zorgen van de persoon en niet de gebeurtenis op
zich. De outputs zijn daarom hoogst waarschijnlijk, maar niet absoluut zeker
omdat de inputs altijd nog waargenomen kunnen worden op verschillende
manieren. Emoties veranderen als de betekenis veranderd of als de gebeurtenis
anders wordt gezien. Input is changed, and output changes accordingly.
The evidence of this law is indirect because it consists mainly of correlations
between subjects' reports of their emotional states and their conscious appraisals
of events.
De law of situational meaning verschaft het framework om de cognitive
variabelen te organiseren die verantwoordelijk zijn voor de verschillende emoties
en hun intensiteit. Deze cognitive variabelen hebben niet alleen betrekking op
hoe het individu denkt dat de gebeurtenissen hem of haar zouden kunnen
beinvloeden, maar ook op hoe hij of zij met deze gebeurtenissen om zou gaan.
Ze beinhouden secondary net zoals primary appraisals. Fear involves
uncertainty about one's ability to handle a given threat; grief involves certainty
about the impossibility of reversing what happened Outcome uncertainty
affects fear intensity. Unpredictability and uncontrollability contribute to the
shaping of emotional response.
The workings of the law of situational meaning are not always transparent
because they can be overridden by conscious control law is most evident
when resources for control and counterforces fail e.g. illness or exhaustion. In the
emergence of emotions people need not be explicitly aware of these meaning
structures.
Emotions:
"Emotions" are responses to events that are important to the individual, and
then by asking of what the responses to such events consist. Those responses
are what the laws are about. Those responses – emotions – are subjective
, experiences. Their core is the experience of pleasure or pain. That core is
embedded in the outcome of appraisal, the awareness of situational meaning
structure.
Introspections produce statements reffered to as the ‘awareness of state of
action readiness’ (e.g. desires to shout/sing, impulse to avoid, lack of interest,
etc; felt states of action readiness). The kinds of states reported correspond to
the kinds of state of action readiness that are manifest in overt behavior like
facial expression and organized action. Awareness of state of action readiness is
a rough reflection of state of action readiness itself.
State of action readiness is a central notion in emotion all emotions involve
some change in action readiness: (a) in readiness to go at it or away from it or to
shift attention; (b) in sheer excitement: being ready for action but not knowing
what action; or (c) in being stopped in one's tracks or in loss of interest. Primary
or basic emotions (joy, surprise, !!!!!) can be defined as unambiguously in
terms of a particular form of action readiness; in terms of some form of action
tendency or some form of activation or lack thereof (e.g. Shame is a sense of
displeasure plus the compelling desire to disappear from view). De identificaties
van bepaalde emoties met bepaalde vormen van action readiness ontstaan uit de
functionele analyse van expressief gedrag (bijv. Fear is manifest in mixtures of
avoidant, self-protective, and attentive facial patterns).
Emotions other than the "basic" ones (secondary emotions) are not
characterized by a particular form of action readiness (e.g. guilt or jealousy). Still,
some change in action readiness is involved whenever a response is called an
emotion. The changes are called forth by the objects overpowering aspects (e.g.
guilt makes one restlessly want to undo the deed or tends to paralyze one's
actions and lets one impotently suffer).
Law of situational meaning Meaning structures are lawfully connected to
forms of action
readiness. The available modes of action readiness correspond to the behavior
systems and general
response modes with which humans are endowed
include the programs for innate behavioral patterns, of which elementary
defensive and aggressive behaviors, laughter and crying, and the
universal facial expressions are elements
include the general activation or deactivation patterns of
exuberance(uitgelatenheid), undirected excitement, and apathetic
response, and the pattern of freezing or inhibition.
include the various autonomic and hormonal response patterns. These
physiological patterns form the logistic support of the action readiness
changes involved.
include the action control changes that are manifest in behavioral
interference and that we experience as preoccupation and urgency;
sometimes, these are the only aspects of our change in action readiness
that we feel or show.
The Law of Concern:
De law of situational meaning heeft een benodigde aanvulling in de law of
concern: Emotions arise in response to events that are important to the
individual’s goals, motives, or concerns.
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