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literature summary Behaviour and Environment 3
- Instelling
- Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
Summary of all literature for Behaviour and Environment 3 (BE3)
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Theme 1. Thinking before doingPayne & Cameron (2013) – Implicit Social Cognition and Mental Representation
Mental representation: any mental content or operation that stands for something else in
the world.
Implicit representations: lack awareness, are efficient, do not require intent, and escape
control. (According to Bargh)
Explicit representations: conscious, can be manipulated
Some theories say implicitness or explicitness is a feature of the representation itself.
Some say a representation can be used implicitly or explicitly.
How is knowledge stored according to:
- Associative network models: knowledge is stored in nodes (concepts), and links
between the nodes stand for relationships between them. The links can have varying
strengths. Bottom-up
- Schema theories: chunks of general knowledge (representations/schemas) structure
and make sense of the psychological experience. Schemas are like lenses, and one is
used at a time. Top-down
- Connectionist models: contain nodes and links like associative network models, but it
does not assume that specific nodes have semantic meaning. Representations are
distributed across the entire set of connected nodes.
-
, - Embodied cognition theory: difference between “amodal” and “modal”. When
viewing an object, multiple types of information are registered across different
sensory modalities, before being integrated into a representation. This
representation is updated each time.
How do these models relate to the distinction between implicit and explicit processes?
In what sense are Are the Are representations
representations representations implicit temporarily
implicit or explicit? implicit, or is or permanently?
representation use
implicit?
Associative network Nodes and Representations and Representations can
models? spreading activation their use are implicit become explicit
are unconscious; until the pass the when they cross
representations are threshold of threshold of
implicit until they conscious awareness conscious activation
pass the threshold (parallel) or after
of conscious intentionally serial
awareness searching through
network (serial)
Schema theories Schemas are not Schema Schemas and their
necessarily representations are influence are only
unconscious but can not implicit in temporarily implicit
influence behaviour themselves but are based on direction
and judgements used implicitly of attention
unconsciously
Connectionist Distributed Active Representational
models representations are representational patterns can be
conscious, but not patterns are made conscious, but
the workings of the conscious, but workings of
connectionist network is not; use networks are
network is generally implicit inaccessible
Embodied cognition Sensory Bodily Representations are
theory representations can representations and only temporarily
be conscious, but their use can be implicit, but this
this might vary by either explicit or might vary by
sensory modality implicit sensory modality
Strack & Deutsch (2004) – Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behaviour
How is the impulsive system related to reflective processes? The impulsive system is always
engaged in processing. When a stimulus gets enough attention, the reflective system is
activated. Associative links can be formed through reflective operations.
, How does behaviour arise in the impulsive system? Behavioural schemata are activated
through spreading activation. A behaviour may be elicited without the person’s intention or
goal.
How does behaviour arise in the reflective system? Because of a decision process.
Knowledge about the value and probability of potential consequences is weighted and
integrated to reach a preference for one behavioural option. Intending
When is the reflective system activated? When a stimulus passes the threshold of conscious
awareness. Depending on intensity and attention, a stimulus may enter the reflective
system. It works best with medium arousal.
Are the two systems separate from one another? In this article it is assumed they operate in
parallel, and they interact at various stages of processing. They compete for control of an
overt response.
What model of representations does this model adapt? The impulsive system adapts an
associative network model, which is a bit like a connectionist model.
The impulsive system can be thought of as long-term memory. The reflective system as a
temporary storage with limited information which gets lost when not rehearsed.
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