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1.2C Differences between people, extensive full ENG summary

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FSWP1-023-A (FSWP1023A)

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Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)

Extensive English summary of Problem 1 to 8 including articles. With this summary I got a 7.8, Please leave a review if you liked my summary!

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reality anxiety neurotic anxiety moral anxiety defense mechanisms behaviorism watson psychoanalytic freud systematic research pragmatic research strength social cognitive theory lexical sociobility

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Problem 1. Inner Drives- Literature Discussion. Chair: Atanas - Scribe: Özge
Sigmund Freud(1856- 1939):
Psychoanalysis/talking cure: the cause of a problem→ in person’s unconscious, part of the mind
outside the persons immediate awareness → if helping a patient recall a forgotten traumatic
memory → search for hidden motives = helping patient on the road to recovery

Freud’s Life and Death instincts theory
Eros or libido, libidinal energy or love, is the life instinct innate in all humans = the desire to
create and sustain life and favors productivity and construction(associated with the id).
Eros battles against the destructive death instinct/drive of Thanatos= unconscious human
desire to return to inanimate state → urge to destroy, harm or aggress against others or oneself.

Together the life- and death instinct represent wishes that are often irrational and unconscious.

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality
argues that human behaviour is the result of the interactions among three component parts of
the mind:
ID Ego
Primitive part of the mind 2nd - 3rd year of life
everyone is born with. → reality principle: Superego
Avoids pain and wants to constrains the ID to reality; Around age 5
achieve immediate tension understands that urges of → introjection:
reduction. ID are in conflict with unconsciously
Source of all drives social & physical reality – adopts/internalizes the
→ operates according to direct expression or values, morals and ideals
pleasure principle: desire discharge of ID must be of society and parents.
for immediate gratification. avoided, redirected or → Main tool is guilt.
→ Primary Process postponed until Superego makes us feel
thinking: without logical appropriate situation guilty, ashamed or
rules and without anchor in arises. embarrassed when we do
reality. → Secondary process something ‘wrong’ and
→ Wish fulfillment: if an thinking: the development make us feel ‘proud’ if we
urge from ID requires an of strategies for solving do something right.
external unavailable problems and obtaining → Perfectionist, if
object, something is satisfaction. superego is developed
conjured up and the image → Higher cognitive person is judgmental
of it is temporary gratified process as long as it’s not → Like ID: not bound by
by ID(you’re angry but in danger: cognitive reality and free to set,
target of anger is too processes that even unrealistic
powerful: wish fulfillment presuppose the availability standards(some kids
produces imagined fantasy of knowledge and put it to develop low moral
of revenge to temporarily use. standards and do not feel
gratify the ID). → However, there may be guilty when they hurt
→ A person must find urges that remain others).
other ways to gratify ID unacceptable according to
urges and hold them in social reality →
check →

All 3 components → dynamic: constant interaction due to different goals provoking internal
conflicts → a well-balanced mind = has no anxiety and achieved by a strong ego. If either the ID
or superego overwhelms the ego: anxiety is the result.

, The superego operates on morality and values/ right and wrong → two parts:
1) the conscience: 2) the ego ideal, or the inner image of
helps us store information about actions that oneself as one wants to become:
society considers 'bad' and can make us The ego ideal contains information about
feel guilty. actions that society considers 'good' and
can make us feel proud and validated.

Freud: 3 levels of Human mind
Conscious mind: Preconscious mind: Unconscious mind:
Thoughts, feelings, Info not presently thinking Largest part unacceptable
perceptions you are about, could easily be behavior hidden well from
presently aware off(tip of retrieved and made conscious, so
iceberg) conscious(iceberg just troubling/distasteful that
below water surface) being aware of them would
make one anxious(iceberg
underwater).

Society does not allow people express sexual and aggressive instincts freely → one must
control urges → one way = keeping them in the unconscious → this might cause accumulation
in unconscious within childhood period.

Behavior is never accidental but determined by motivated unconscious = principle of
motivational determinism. These causes are outside of the person’s complete consciousness
or awareness and affects behavior, thoughts, feelings and can manifest in dreams, defense
mechanisms and affects memory.
Little ‘accidents’ of daily life(slip of tongue, writing error, jokes, dreams)
= expression of motivated unconscious.
Symptoms of mental illnesses = caused by motivated unconscious.

Carl Gustav Jung
Most prominent student that disagreed with Freud = too much sexuality and aggression, said:
Collective unconscious:
Inherited from previous generations,
contains collected primordial images Personal unconscious:
common across human species. Own unique experiences (like Freud’s
→ archetypes: expressions/ images of basic unconscious)
human needs & instincts: two important
archetypes 1) feminine 2) masculine

 Most personality psychologists: recurring symbols & ideas across cultures? = not
enough evidence thus theory of Jung = unsupported theory.
 Evolutionary psychologists: common view with Jung = people are not born as blank
slates and we enter the world with predispositions inherited from ancestors.

, Psychosexual stages of personality development
We’re all born with drive for sexual pleasure(id) but constrains of society limits the way of
satisfaction → we all go through series of clashes/conflicts between desire for pleasure ↔
demands expected of us. Nature conflicts are same for everyone – instances and outcomes are
unique to each person. Parts of personalities are shaped by how we resolve following conflicts:

 Oral Stage: Birth to 18 months, most interaction is through mouth, two sub stages:
1) oral incorporative (first 6 months) = 2) oral sadistic (when teeth grow) =
sucking, biting and chewing
In future, the gullible person is fixated at the oral incorporative level of personality ↔ sarcastic,
bitingly argumentative person is fixated at the oral sadistic level.

 Anal Stage: Between 18 months and 3 years of age, marked by bodily pleasure to the
anus and retention/ expulsion of feces → toilet training and the independence coming
from it → id feels pleasure, fixations → different results depending on parents.
If parents strict: If parents are too tolerant: If parents are normal:
anal retentive personality = anal expulsive personality the person evolves to an
such attention to detail that = exhibiting cruelty, independent person, not
it becomes an obsession, emotional outbursts, too messy not too
overly strict, overly clean. disorganized. organized not too strict.

 Phallic Stage: between 3 and 5 years of age → major events → discovering ones
genitals → awakening of sexual desire:
Phallic stage boys: Phallic stage girls:
Oedipus Complex = boys sexual desire Blames the mom for lack of penis and
towards the mother causes castration desires father and envies his penis(= penis
anxiety as punishment by father → results envy), but does not fear the father → no
in repression of sexual desire for mom → strong motivation to give up the desire for
best other option = become/identify as the father → no resolution = no development of
father to be liked by mom → marks the superego = the women are inferior to
beginning of the resolution of the Oedipus men because of this(theory is not accepted
Conflict → start of superego and morality and criticized)
and the male gender role.
Anaclitic identification: dependency and love for mother.

 Latency Stage: age 6 to puberty → psychological rest → little psychological
development (lack of sexual conflict = not important for Freud) ↔ Other psycho analysts
say much development: make decisions, social skills, work, friends, develop identity.

 Genital Stage: this is the final, mature stage of psychosexual development. Now the
person is capable of genuine love for other people and can achieve adult sexual
satisfactions no longer criticized by the selfishness (narcissism) and mixed, conflicting
feelings that marked the earlier stages, he or she can relate to others in a mature,
heterosexual fashion.

Conflict in stages = behaviors linger on in the future.
Successful personality development = defined by ability to be productive & maintain loving
relationships. Healthy = making rational choices and mature genital psychosexual development.

, Three types of anxiety
Reality anxiety Neurotic anxiety Moral anxiety
is the most basic form of comes from an comes from the superego.
anxiety and is based in the unconscious fear that the It appears in the form of a
ego. It is typically based basic impulses of the id fear of violating values or
on the fear of real and will take control of the moral codes and appears
possible events, for person, leading to as feelings like guilt or
example, being bit by a eventual punishment from shame.
dog or falling off of a roof. expressing the id's
desires.

Defense mechanisms, preservation mechanism
Used to defend against all forms of anxiety → serves 2 functions =
1) protect the ego and 2) minimize anxiety and distress by(+undoing, regression,isolation) →

Repression Denial Sublimation Projection
forerunner of all insist that things channeling project our own
other forms of are not the way unacceptable unacceptable
defense they seem; sexual or qualities onto
mechanisms. refusing to see aggressive others. We can
Process of the facts – instincts into then hate them
preventing dismiss socially desired instead of hating
unacceptable unflattering activities. Positive ourselves. What a
thoughts, feelings feedback – blame feature: it allows person dislikes in
or urges from events outside for some limited or getting upset
reaching ones expression of id- about with others
conscious control(fundament tendencies so the → reveals the
awareness. All al attribution error) ego does not persons
kinds of – shows up in have to invest innermost
mechanisms all daydreams. energy in holding insecurities and
involve a degree the id in check. conflicts
of repression:

Rationalization Displacement Reaction Intellectualizatio
generating redirect the formation n involves viewing
acceptable impulse from in attempt to stifle a stressful
reasons for original source to the expression situation in a very
outcomes that non threatening people do the intellectual
otherwise socially target opposite of what manner without
unacceptable - (unconscious) they mean- letting one's
Reduce anxiety excessive or emotions come in
by coming up an persistent the way= not
easier acceptable behavior = being always healthy
explanation than overly nice for no
reality. reason.
You know defense mechanism/ behavior is problem when → you become unproductive or
limiting the ability to maintain relationships ↔ used occasionally = OK.
Criticism on Freud’s Theories
1. No scientific evidence 4. Symbolic
2. Untestable 5. Focuses mainly on childhood
3. Based on small amount of tests

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