Samenvatting
Theoretical Psychology Summary Radboud University
- Instelling
- Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
It is a summary of all the necessary literature and lectures :)
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 15 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 15 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Lecture 1 - From phrenology to scienti c theoryIntroduction
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• Was suggested to be a postman in school Helen Thompson (1874-1947)
• Three nobel prize nominations • rst studies about psychological di erences
• First psychological laboratory in Leipzig between men and woman (1910)
• First psychological journal • Used experimental methods
• Had 188 doctoral students
• Wrote approximately 50,000 pages William James (1842-1910)
• Challenged the 2,500-year-old theory of • Started out as a painter
association • wrote the Bestseller: Principles of
Psychology (1890) —> Integrated
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) psychological knowledge
• Founder of clinical psychology
• Student of Wundt Robert Woodworth (1869-1962)
• Founded rst journal: the Psychological • Bestseller: Experimental Psychology (“The
Clinic (1907) Columbia bible”)
• First psychological clinic (1896) • Still taught in his mid-eighties
Mary Calkins (1863-1930) The ‚Millers‘
• First female president of APA (1905) • Johannes Müller, George Müller, George
• Student of William James Miller, Earl Miller
• Designed technique of paired associates
Pre-scientific approaches
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
• Associationism: Mental processes proceed by associations
• Tabula rasa: mind lacks content at birth (blank state)
• Assumed that mind gets lled by perception
• Senses provide domain-speci c sensory images that come
together in the domain-general common sense/supra-modal
where associations are formed between domain speci c images so
they can be used for other processes
• Law of contiguity: “If two things repeatedly occur simultaneously,
the presence of one of them will remind us of the other.” —> Basic
law of associationism
John Locke (1632-1704)
• With the time of enlightenment (Kant: „Dare to understand“) modern psychology/association
theory begin (after period where religion dominated views)
• Empiricism: all knowledge obtained via senses (blank slate/tabula rasa)
• Nativism: assumes innate mental knowledge (René Descartes, Plato)
• Blank slate/white paper: We are born without built-in mental content
• Sensoristic: All mental content is sensory in nature
• Atomistic: elementary sensations are the building blocks of more complex contents
• Associative: More complex contents are created by association
Long-term potentiation
• Neuronal basis of the law of contiguity
• Hebb’s law: cells that re together wire together (If two nerve cells are simultaneously
stimulated for a period of time, the synapse binding them is strengthened)
• The discovery of Long-term potentiation proofed Hebbs law (Discovered in 1973 in the
hippocampus of rabbits)
1 von 15
fi fi fi fi fi ff fi fi
, Connectionism (Modern form of associationism)
• Rumelhart & McClelland used computer simulations to test whether theoretical assumptions
explain existing theoretical ndings
• Aristotle and Lock assumed mental faculties are domain-general (Horizontal faculties)
• e.g. emory works the same for math, language, …
• Gall assumed mind exists of Domaine speci c functions (Vertical faculties)
• e.g. di erent memory functions for di erent content domains
• Phrenology: di erent functions have di erent locations in brain (localization), the better
developed a function is the more space it takes up (bumps on skull = very well developed), all
functions were believed to be bilaterally
Pseudo-sciences
• Physiognomy: persons character is re ected by facial structure
(e.g. Lombroso’s‚criminal type‘ = high forehead)
• Mesmerism: healing through magnetic forces
• Mental healing: healing through correct/positive thinking
• Spiritualism: mediums can have contact with spirits of the dead (famous debate between
Spiritualist James & skepticisms Cattel —> ‚mediums‘ might get their information through „Cold
reading“ / asking the client many questions)
Neuroanatomy, time, and psychophysics
• Domain-speci c (localized) proposal by Gall challenged by holistic view of Flourens
• Flourens experimented with the brains of pigeons and rabbits
• Removal of brainstem: loss of vital functions
• Removal of cerebellum: loss of motor coordination
• Removal of cerebral cortex: loss of higher mental functions, but not of specializations
• Could not nd speci c regions for perception and memory (—> thought those must be
distributed over whole brain = holism)
• Broca’s discovery: Damage to left inferior frontal cortex causes speech production di culties
( rst discovered in patient Leborgne / ‘Mr Tan’)
• Wernicke’s discovery: damage to the posterior part of the left superior
temporal gyrus resulted in speech comprehension problems in a patient
Wernicke’s language model: Association theory of language
• Model is: Sensoristic, Atomistic, Associative
• Wernickes area stores auditory images of words
• Brocas area stores motor images of words
• Brocas und Wernickes are connected via bers —> can activate each other
• Auditory images (hearing a word) can also activate concept images
(meaning / sensory image of word —> e.g. ‚apple‘ = ‚red‘, ‚sour‘)
• Embodied cognition: concepts are represented in terms of sensory images
& motor motor features
• According to Wernicke concept images are distributed throughout the brain,
but images for speech perception and articulation are localized
• Boras aphasia: di culty producing speech & repeating heard words
• Wernickes aphasia: di culty understanding speech & repeating words
• Conduction aphasia: repetition of words impaired but production & comprehension spared
Speed of nerve impulses
• Conduction of nerve impulse takes time
• Johannes M ller: impulse conduction is „in nitely fast“ and therefore cannot be measured
• Helmholtz didn’t believe Müller and did experiments on frogs to measure speed of nerve
conduction —> conduction of the nerve impulse takes time and can be measured
• Helmholtz also conducted experiments in humans but the measurements were much more
varied because people rst had to process the stimuli (later experiments showed humans &
frogs both had a conduction speed of 30 meters per second)
2 von 15
fi
ff fi ü fi ff ffi fi ffifi fi ff flff fi fifi ffi
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper taschir. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 64438 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen