This short summary is based on the longer summary you can buy from me to have overview of every detail of this course. The longer and shorter summary is sufficient for the passing grade 8.5.
Objectivism: set of facts independent of any subjects. Moral objectivism maintains there's a single set of moral standards, rights and wrongs which are universal.
Subjectivism: (individual relativism), morals are subjective; they are based on personal tastes, feelings, and opinions; Relativism: truth has no absolute, universal validity
but is relative to our personal historical and cultural circumstances, knowledge is always a matter of interpretation; Engaged Self: self, engaged within the process of
interpretation; taking into account personal context, tradition and prejudices; self fundamentally connected to the world – not living in a vacuum; Language: gives
Concepts
humans unique ability to abstract images from immediate experience; world is already interpreted through language; Hermeneutic circle: some greater context always
influences how we understand particular parts, whole and parts influence each other; Objective understanding- requires personal engagement and passionate curiosity;
All knowledge is always relative to personal context and view point, but herm. Is beyond relativism as we are not isolated selves living in the vacuum; we are informed by
history, language and pre-understanding. Truth always includes universally valid context (horizon); not relativism but admission we are not gods.
Descartes Mind and world become disconnected; rationalism – reasoning mind; withdraw from the sense to withdraw from prejudices; no traditional authority.
Kant Intellectual maturity meant independence of reason from tradition.
Romantic hermeneutics: seek authors meaning behind the text; Holistic view of reality- knowledge through expression of spirit ‘feeling of absolute dependence’; cosmic-
spirit connects our minds; Methodology: grammar, psychology, history, great linguistic sensitivity; how to access human minds (empathy, intuition, language);
Schleirm.
reconstruct authors state of mind and intention when writing; human reasoning operates in hermeneutic circle; Understanding mastery of the fulness of language and
its forms; Against Schleiermacher: neglecting our own context, not debate but dialogue; understanding not debunking; epistemology rather than ontology.
Husserl Phenomenology: mind is correlated with objects in the world; we can get in touch with a essence or a true meaning of the object.
Understanding: matrix of meaningful relations-> making visible meaning-structures (existentials); All understanding is interpretive; understanding is motivated by us;
it’s a way of life; our reason is temporal = same as history; existentials-ontological level how we perceive the world; attentiveness-how we relate to things that help us
achieve something – hammer becomes an abstract object when we want to understand it- existential mode of being; ontological significance of language>understanding;
Heidegger
herm. is the way we move around the world; we are interpreting animals; we are history and language and pre-understanding (symbolic universe we are born into);
pre-understanding is not negative or a prison; herm of experience (like Gadamer): perception is not theoretical but practical; langue is a medium; Understanding is more
than entering the inner aspect of experience – whether by empathy and intuition (Schleiermacher) or historically (Dilthey).
Explaining vs. Understanding; Explaining appropriate when examining something as an object’s pf study (laws, natural forces); Understanding appropriate when engaging
in something or someone as subject with inner life; human sciences can understand culture (as they examine will, emotion, intention); natural sciences cannot
understand culture; (Methodology) Understanding deciphering imprint of human spirit on material world – to understand objective spirit; self-understanding through
Dilthey
hermeneutical endeavor; collective mind (Schleiermacher individual); knowledge is life experiencing itself – life is a bedrock of meaning; Human
sciences>objective>verifiable cultural manifestations of life experience; we need to understand a single event within its historical and societal context; Dilthey herm: 1
self-understanding – only possible by interpreting life expressions of others, 2 herm. as first truly historical conversation about knowledge.
Truth and Method; all theories must begin with recognition of hermeneutical circle; Fusion of Horizons: melting identities, contexts and prejudices; Only the horizon of
a tradition can determine the interpretation of any text; only the totality of texts a tradition comprises can constitute that larger semantic horizon; Prejudices are
inevitable but not negative; All understanding is heavily conditioned by authority, tradition, history; Formative effects of history shape our understanding about world -
> primarily through language; Critical engagement with tradition unfolds the activity of historical consciousness (being aware of one’s own historicity); Religious tradition
Gadamer is a living stream that can be apprehended only form within of its own self-reference – we move in a stream of history; Engaged knowing>playing game>spiel>knowledge
derived from arts; focal awareness – applicatory dimension of hermeneutics; Language connects mind and world (a medium); Language is objective-it gives order to
the world-not subjective consciousness; Objective understanding discloses itself through meaningful relations; Understanding: basic movement of human existence
with experience; Authority: ideally never imposed but derived from superior skills or experience; Hearing>Seeing; Theoretical>Practical; Mediation= understanding,
application=soul; Reader enters plays give structure and overcomes alienation; Experience=Education=shaping/cultivating human spirit.
Look and see; facts about reality; Interpretation through practical inductive experiments; observation: theory-laden is biased; world is like machine; not meaning but
data; Methodology: Verification- experiment confirms truth.
Herm.
of
Scientific Objectivism – sciences empirical method leads to the highest form of knowledge; objective truth -> by scientific experimentation.
Science
Positivism ‘scientism’- make the world predictable -> scientific facts will explain the world.
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