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Endocrinology Syllabus

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Complete syllabus for the course

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  • 16 november 2022
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  • 2020/2021
  • College aantekeningen
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ENDOCRINOLOGY SYLLABUS

Nina Junaković
S1044229
09-06-2021
TABLE of CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION...................................................................... 4

HOW DO CELLS COMMUNICATE?........................................................................................................................... 4

HISTOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................ 4

HORMONE TYPES ................................................................................................................................................... 5

ACTION MECHANISMS ........................................................................................................................................... 5

PATHOLOGIES ........................................................................................................................................................ 6


CHAPTER 2: THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY AXIS ..................................................................... 7

IMMUNOHISTOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 7

PITUITARY HISTOLOGY........................................................................................................................................... 7

HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY AXIS ......................................................................................................................... 8

PATHOLOGIES ........................................................................................................................................................ 9


CHAPTER 3: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS .....................................................................10

HISTOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................................... 10

ANATHOMY & PATHOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 10

FUNCTION............................................................................................................................................................ 11

PANCREATIC DISORDERS ..................................................................................................................................... 12

RESEARCH ............................................................................................................................................................ 13


CHAPTER 4: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.................................................14


1

,OVARIES HISTOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 14

FEMALE SEX HORMONES ..................................................................................................................................... 14

TESTES HISTOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 17

MALE SEX HORMONES ......................................................................................................................................... 17


CHAPTER 5: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND ............................................................20

HISTOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................................... 20

THYROID HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS .................................................................................................................... 20

THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM ..................................................................................................................... 21

NUCLEAR RECEPTORS .......................................................................................................................................... 22

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 22

CALCIUM REGULATION ........................................................................................................................................ 23

OSTEOPOROSIS .................................................................................................................................................... 26


CHAPTER 6: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND ...........................................................27

HISTOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................................... 27

CORTICOSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS ......................................................................................................................... 27

HPA AXIS.............................................................................................................................................................. 28

ADRENAL CORTICAL PATHOLOGIES ...................................................................................................................... 29

RAAS .................................................................................................................................................................... 30

CATECHOLAMINES ............................................................................................................................................... 33


CHAPTER 7: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF GROWTH ..............................................................................36

PATHOLOGIES ...................................................................................................................................................... 37


CHAPTER 8: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT ...........................................................38

OBESITY ............................................................................................................................................................... 38

PERIPHERAL SIGNALS ........................................................................................................................................... 38



2

,CENTRAL REGULATION ........................................................................................................................................ 39

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT .................................................................................................................................. 39

GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES ......................................................................................................................... 40

PATHOLOGIES ...................................................................................................................................................... 43


CHAPTER 9: HORMONES & TUMORS .........................................................................................44

BREAST CANCER................................................................................................................................................... 44


REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................45

APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................................46

LAB CLASS: A HORMONE & ITS RECEPTORS ......................................................................................................... 46

POSTERS .............................................................................................................................................................. 49

PEER REVIEW ....................................................................................................................................................... 50




3

, CHAPTER 1: MECHANISMS of HORMONE ACTION
HOW DO CELLS COMMUNICATE?
− signals = hormones from an endocrine cell + receptors on the
target cell (Figure 1)
− (negative) feedback → stimulus-response model, a simple
feedback loop
− hierarchic control by the hypothalamus – pituitary axis →
central control of endocrine glands (gonads, thyroid and
adrenal gland) and that of endocrine signal molecules
(prolactin, growth hormone, oxytocin...)

HISTOLOGY
− 4 basic tissues:
o epithelium = covering outside body and the lumen
inside (blood vessels, intestines)
o connective = provides support and protection, rich in
extracellular substance (proteins)
o muscle = contraction, body movement
o nervous = excitable cells (neurons) with long axons

EPITHELIUM (Figure 2): Figure 1. Types of extracellular signaling1

− tight junction = prevents diffusion of molecules between
epithelial cells
− adherens junction = forms continuous belt around the
circumference of epithelial cells
− desmosome junction = one of the stronger cell-to-cell
adhesion types, found in tissues that experience intense
mechanical stress
− gap junction = directly connects the cytoplasm of two
cells
Figure 2. Cell-cell connections in epithelial cells2
1. covering epithelial cells (Figure 3):

− covering the surface or the lumen inside
− absorption of nutrients and gasses, protection
− single layered squamous → flat
− single layered cuboidal → square
− single layered columnar → rectangle

2. gland epithelial cells: Figure 3. Classification of epithelium3

− production and release of specific products
− exocrine = their product is delivered via an exit tube to the lumen or outside the body, produce and
excrete digestive enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine
− endocrine = close to capillaries, produce hormones, lay separate without exit tubes

4

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