Samenvatting

summary psychology of personality

1 keer verkocht

Vak
Psychology Of Personality

Instelling
Tilburg University (UVT)

this is an summary of the course psychology of personality based of of the lectures at Tilburg University. it has all the definitions mentioned and covers all the lectures.

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 3 van de 22 pagina's

Bekijk voorbeeld

Geupload op 29 november 2022
Aantal pagina's 22
Geschreven in 2022/2023
Type Samenvatting

€7,99

In winkelwagen

Op verlanglijstje

100% tevredenheidsgarantie
Direct beschikbaar na je betaling
Lees online óf als PDF
Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten

Psychology of personality

Week 1, introduction, and personality traits

Course information:
- Group assignment 20% due dec 8
- Exam 80%
- Ipip.ori.org for assignment

Personality defined:
- Depending on who you ask, personality has a wide variety of meanings and differences
(traits, motives, interests, abilities, identity)
- The currently dominant perspective on personality focuses on character or personality traits:
relatively stable characteristics that affect our behaviors, emotions and thought patterns

Two definitions:
1, personality is the se of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are
organized and influences interactions and adaptations
2, characteristic sets of behavior, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from
biological and environmental factors.
- Traits: characteristic ways of thinking feeling and behaving that we have
- Mechanisms: the process of personality, consists of input, decision rules and outputs
- Organized: some traits are different than others
- Relatively enduring: relatively consistent over situations and enduring
- Influences: traits and mechanisms can influence lives, influenced how we think act and feel.
- Perceptions: how we see or interpret and environment
- Selection: the manner in which we choose situations to enter
- Evocations: the reactions we produce in others
- Manipulations: the ways in which we intentionally attempt to influence others
- Adaptations: unique way of approaching the world
- Intrapsychic environment: within the mind, not only the objective environment but also our
interpretation

3 goals and levels of personality research:
- Nomothetic approach (universal) and idiographic approach (unique)
- Human nature (nomo), individual and group differences (in between) , individual
uniqueness(idio)
- Personality psychology is in the middle usually
- Goals:
1. Describing: ex: how do people differ
2. Explain: why do they differ
3. Apply: what are the consequences

Traits:
- Words that describe traits, attributes
- When we talk about personality, we use labels or ‘types’
 the reality: personality traits differences between humans are continuous and normally
distributed
- Types are artificial categorizations
- How do you identify the most important personality traits?  3 main ways:

1
BvH

, 1. Theoretical approach: based on theoretical considerations important traits are identified,
described, structured, and measured  four temperaments (Hippocrates &Galen)
 purely philosophical theories don’t exist in psychology, they are always based on
some observations
 but large difference of quality of theories
2. External approach: comparing groups of people and finding differences
 also known as empirical criterion-keying
 rarely done
 MMPI (Hathaway and McKinley)
 difference need to be statistically tested
3. Lexical approach: starts with lexical/sedimentation hypothesis: all important individual
differences have become encoded within the natural language over time
 trait terms are important for people in communicating with others
 two criteria for identifying important traits:
1, Synonym frequency (number of trait adjectives to
describe the same attribute)
2, Cross-cultural universality (the more important an
individual difference is in human transactions, the
more languages will have a term for it)
Lexical approach:
1)Collect personality descriptive adjectives from exhaustive dictionary
2) Reduce the number to a measurable amount (e.g., remove
synonyms, rare, complicated words)
3) Collect self-report data on adjectives:
4) Analyze response patterns (i.e., correlations) with factor analysis
5) Label the factors
Big five:
- Extraversion: active social engagement
 Gregarious, sociable, active, cheerful, assertive
 Introverted, shy, quiet, passive
- Agreeableness: prosocial, communion orientation
 Friendly, helpful, kind, altruistic, cooperative
 Cold, cynical, aggressive, quarrelsome
- Conscientiousness: goal oriented impulse control, organization
 Diligent, organized, self-controlled, reliable, accurate
 Lazy, careless, distracted, unorganized
- Neuroticism: negative and instable emotionality
 Anxious, fearful, stressed, irritable, depressive, volative
 Relaxed, stable, robust, self-confident
- Openess for Experiences: mental depth, broadness, creativity, curiosity
 Creative, curious, intellectual, innovative, artistic
 Conventional, conservative, uninterested
- Ashton and Lee added Honesty-Humility
- Traits can be organized from broad to narrow (trait domains, aspects, facets, nuances)
- Strengths of the big five model:
 somewhat comprehensive
 provides structure
 good predictor of life outcome
- Weaknesses of the big five model:
 certain language, so could not be the same in other cultures
 have no explanation of their causes, purely descriptive

2
BvH

, Normal vs maladaptive levels:
- Maladaptive are extreme and can even be dangerous, you have maladaptive low, normal
low, normal high, maladaptive high.
- applies to the big five

what are traits?
- Traits are deep underlying psychological/neurological entities
- They casually affect our affect (emotions), behavior, cognition and desires (ABCD’s)
- Similarity of big five structures across cultures suggests that they are determined by our
biology
However:
 not clear what exact causes are
 we cannot directly measure traits
- Traits have an effect on out ABCD’s  does not define
 varies from situation to situation
- Traits represent our general ways of feeling, thinking, and behaving, but at any given
moment this is also affected by the current situation
- Adapting is normal, and always showing the same behavior can be maladaptive (personality
disorders)

Traits and states:
- Personality states: how you behave act or think how you want in this specific moment
- What you behave on average is most likely your trait level (not deterministic, not always
friendly)
- Behaving out of character (comfort zone) for prolonged amounts of time is effortful and can
lead to negative side effects
- Mostly normal distributed
- Traits can be a biological anchor

Neurological attempts at explanation:
- Research still ongoing  measures are constantly changing
- Eyesenck’s PEN model:
 focus on three domains: Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism (was developed before
the Big Five dominance (1990))

3
BvH

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper bessvanholten. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €7,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 68175 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis