Samenvatting
Samenvatting The world's legal system Rechtsgeleerdheid
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
Samenvatting The world's legal system Rechtsgeleerdheid
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 44 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 44 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
lOMoARcPSD|11911780The world’s legal systems - Rechtsgeleerdheid
Triple structure – Week 1
1. Traditions
a. Durable; legal families (common and civil law system)
b. Often “slow sources of law; jurisprudence/case law
c. Forms (from concrete to less concrete)
i. Concepts (contracts etc.)
ii. Paradigms (rule of law etc.)
1. Combination of models to understand reality, shifts
when observations do not match with the paradigm
iii. Political and economic constellation
iv. Legal reasoning: civil and common law traditions
2. Change
a. Often abrupt; legislation
b. Reasons:
i. Crisis (of 1970’s) > why a new rule was made at a certain moment in time
ii. Ideology (to explain changes in the law)
3. Case study
a. Law of credit and insolvency
Comparing law – Why?
De lege ferenda
Comparatists find differences and explain them; then, the legislators can use the explanations to
improve/change the law; parts of foreign law are copied and implemented in national law, also,
parts of foreign law that are seen as not wanted, will be kept out of the national legal system
Harmonization
The comparative exercise has the goal to see what has to be accomplished, the directive changes the
national law, or the directive has a supplementary role
Theory
• Common core
o Assumptions, ideas about realty > law has property’s that are typical for certain
legal systems, but in the core, there are many similarities; if there are no clear
differences, there is similarity; there is a bias to similarity, not to divergence
o History of comparative law
▪ Enlightenment: Montesquieu, Voltaire > a common ground needs to be
created, which will lead to treaty’s and eventually to world peace
▪ International cooperation
▪ Convergence: law is moving in a direction of less differences
• Functional method
o Each system has similar problems that are addressed in law in more or less the
same way (into a solution) > consequences:
▪ Phrase the problem detached from contents of the law
▪ Interpret as if they were alike (bias) (preasumptio similtudinis)
• Because they reflect the same underlying problem
▪ If you find nothing, search again! (stretch starting point/searching terms)
o This method is a more sophisticated version of common core
, lOMoARcPSD|11911780
*Comparing law – How? (see original document)
Civil law tradition Week 2
Typical of Roman law
Legal science (doctrine, jurisprudence)
Auctoritas
• Quality matters more than coercion; legal opinions of lawyers (traditions) didn’t have
direct legal effect, but had authority, they were considered important and relevant and
therefore had an influence on the court (based on quality of arguments, jurist convincing
his peers)
Language
• Jargon; law became separated from religion, there were words that only had a meaning
in the legal world (courts)
Study
• Texts/writings are important, but do not make the law, they are a stepping-stone for
legal reasoning in order to get access to the best legal rules (reflecting on the law)
Debate & Principled
Legislation
Imperium
• At first the king, later the magistrates, had the power to decide what the rules were;
this becomes stronger and stronger, the emperors consider themselves as a source of
law
Legal reasoning
How to interpret legislation? > two periods:
1. Principled (until ca. 1800)
a. First look at the contents of the statute > if it isn’t clear in the statute, look at
doctrine (statutes are to be interpreted strictly)
2. Literal (after ca. 1800)
a. First look at the contents of the statute > if it isn’t clear in the statute, look at the
will of the legislator
i. Sometimes this leads to doctrine > a gateway to the principled approach
b. Not in the statute, or no will of legislator, then there is no rule
Legal science
Roman law
Law of the Roman era (ca. 500 BC – ca. 540 AD)
• Law of the romans was corpus iuris civilis (emperor Justinian: emperor legislator):
consisted of digest (jurisprudence) + codex (emperor’s law, which was an example for
legislators)
Legal science (ca. 1100 – ca. 1800)
• Corpus iuris civilis was rediscovered and used at universities; legal science was based on
the texts of Roman law, but was sometimes very different
, lOMoARcPSD|11911780
Law of the Roman era
Legal language: links to religion + lawyer language
• Pontifices (high priests) decide if there was a case and who could start a legal action; the
problem/case had to be solved with a ritual; if this ritual went wrong, the priest would
intervene and it couldn’t have legal effect, because the error was seen as divine
intervention
Jurisprudence: auctoritas + study + debate
Archaic Law (ca. 700 BC – ca. 200 BC)
• At first the law was the “imperium” of the king combined with the lore (overlevering) of
the pontifices, who went over fas and ius
o Fas is what has to be done > legis actio: you can start a legal case; connections
between men and supernatural order
o Ius structures contracts between men; mas maiorum (male elders) and fides;
what relates to people not gods
o Both are ritualistic (no errors) and secretive (responsa)
• Then the law of the twelve tables (450 BC) was introduced; it was a compromise between
the patricians and the plebeian after the expulsion of the king
o Ius changes; the law becomes more secular (meaning less connections to
religion), more public (the law of twelve tables is publicly put on display)
o However, the pontifices stay in office; ius develops through their responsa
Late Republic (ca. 200 BC – 27 BC)
• There is a growing influence of auctoritas, which is linked to ius, that is now public;
any citizen can acquire knowledge of the law
o Jurists: cavere (writing contracts), agree (assisting litigants), respondere
(answering legal questions) and they start writing down their responsa > legal
writings
o However, imperium doesn’t entirely disappear, the powers of the king are distributed
over the magistrates (aedilis, preator)
• Very much linked to procedure; after legis actio comes the formula trial in which the
praetor takes over from the pontifex (around 300 BC)
o Differences with legis actio:
▪ Ius is public now; there is an edict, which is a list of cases that could
be brought before the praetor
▪ The praetor’s approach is more flexible; he grants action in formula >
innovation, new sorts of cases go to court (principled approach)
• Praetors weren’t specified in law, they went through the
cursus honorum and gained knowledge from jurists
, lOMoARcPSD|11911780
Roman law in the middle ages
Revival at medieval universities; it wasn’t about reflecting on the law and making it better, it was
simply about the text, the commentators changed that, they went from literal to interpreting roman
law more
Commentators (1263 – ca. 1500)
• Latitude vis a vis the texts > exposing the reason underlying the texts; so, principles instead
of textual rules; they used it to make new rules and outcomes
o Resurrection of the way roman jurists looked at law
• Influence from the legal practice > customary law, bylaws
• Practice-oriented > tailoring roman law; they derive rules from roman law to solve present
day problems in the courts
• Introduction of private international law
Middle ages
• Privilege charters: groups of merchants get charters that give the rights they can use
(trades with other city’s etc.); these charters solve issues
• Legislation was for Settling issues of dispute; it was an element of symbolic authority
(the content of legislation doesn’t mean much)
• Custumals: private initiative, at first writing down of unwritten rules
• Canon law: decretals; judgements that had been issued by the roman emperor = decretum
Law of the Roman vs Roman law in the middle ages
What has remained?
• Legislation is the highest source of law and text of the law is the most important (tradition)
• The use of text as a stepping-stone.
• Looking for underlying principles, new rules can be introduced, as long as they stick to
the roman legal method.
• “Soundness” of arguments, flexibility of arguments and flexibility of doctrine
What changed?
• Formalism was no longer there
• Doctrine supplements, it has no authority, because of systemic doctrine and codifications
of the 19th century
• Princely authority
o Warrior: chair of popular assemblies, little legislative power
o Divine appointment (legislators chosen by God): legislation as highest source
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper lottehanssen. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 52928 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen