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Samenvatting 1.2 Personality psychology: differences between people Psychologie
Samenvatting 1.2 Personality psychology: differences between people Psychologie
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Personality psychology: Differences between people -Psychologie
1. Inner drives
Psychodynamic: personality is always in motion, competing and wrestling for control over a
person’s behavior
o Defense mechanisms as a key aspect of human functioning: we have things that
we are ashamed of, makes us feel unworthy and thus our defense mechanisms
prevent these things from coming to the surface
o Lust and aggression, sexuality, and death: link to the evolutionary theory and
the idea that humans are infact animals that just want to reproduce
• Freuds view of how the mind is organized: “the topographical model of
mind” Three levels of the mind:
1. Conscious: the thoughts we are aware of
2. Preconscious: houses the memory. The things in the preconscious can easily
be brought to the conscious
3. Unconscious: source of desires, feeling, urges etc. Despite being stored away in the
unconscious these things are not lost and still influence the conscious
One-way mental gate: material can pass from the conscious to the preconscious and vice-
versa. But there is a gate that prevents material from going from the unconscious into the
preconscious or the conscious.
The mind is like an iceberg:
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⟶ some part of the mind makes up the conscious and the preconscious, but the vast
majority makes up the unconscious part of the mind. The unconscious has the most
influence on behavior than the other two.
⟶ The material in the unconscious cannot be voluntarily brought to conscious or
preconscious because these are constantly blocked by the forces that keep it
hidden.
Aspects of personality: the structural model
Structural model of personality: id, ego, super ego
ID
⟶ “Pleasure principle”: everything that needs to be immediately satisfied.
⟶ Primary processes: the ‘id’ satisfies its needs by making unconscious mental images of
what it needs to satisfy the urge. A hungry baby would make an unconscious mental image
of its mother’s breasts
⟶ Wish fulfillment: the experience of having such an image
⟶ Satisfying your impulses= ‘self-gratification’
⟶ Located entirely in the unconscious
EGO
(Meaning: ‘I’)
⟶ “Reality principle”: Decides what time and place is best to release the urges from the id:
focus on the external environment
⟶ Reality principle and secondary thought: source of intellectual processes and problem solving
⟶ “Executive role” in personality: between the needs of the id and the external environment
⟶ Location: mostly in the preconscious and the conscious but also in the unconscious
because of the ties with the id
Note: the EGO has nothing to do with morals and is just purely pragmatic
SUPEREGO
(Meaning: over I)
⟶ The values of the super ego are that of the parents and society > introjection
⟶ Two parts: the conscience represents undesirable behavior and the ego-ideal represents
desirable behavior (what your parents approves or disapproves of)
⟶ Goals:
1. Prevent id responses that your parents wouldn’t like (not postpone them like
the ‘ego’)
2. Forces the ego to act morally
3. Perfection in behavior (civilizing influence)
EGO STRENGTH
The ego is between the ‘id’ that wants to immediately release tensions and the ‘superego’ that
wants to act morally. Little ego strength means that you are constantly torn between the two
conflicting needs. More ego strength means that you can manage both better.
MOTIVATION: THE DRIVES OF PERSONALITY
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Personality is affected by biological need and psychological representation. A biological need for
something arises (water in your blood cells are low), this leads to psychological response
(feeling thirsty) and this causes a drive to drink water. Trying to prevent the drive only needs to
more need.
Two classes of drive: life and death instincts
⟶ Eros: survival, reproduction, and pleasure (in general> Libido)
> Does not necessarily have to do with sex alone, but also avoidance of hunger and just
everything we need to do to stay alive
⟶ Thanos: death instincts
> Human beings have a need to return to nothingness
> expression of this instincts is restricted by the ‘life-instincts’
> Aggression: because of our own need to self-destruct but is directed at other people
CATHARSIS
When drive isn’t released > Leads to more drive that builds up and can no longer be restricted
so it bursts open.
Relates to aggression and aggressive behavior: buildup of drive leads to aggressive behavior,
and this leads to two things:
1. Release of the pressure
2. Not likely to be aggressive in the nearest future
ANXIETY AND MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE
Anxiety= warning to the ego that something bad is about to happen.
3 types:
1. Reality anxiety: rooted in reality. For example: fear that you are about to be yelled at
work because you made a mistake
2. Neurotic anxiety: unconscious fear that your id impulses will get out of control and make
you do something that you will get punished for.
3. Moral anxiety: guilt or shame when we do something against our moral code
> When we feel anxiety, the EGO tends to respond in two ways:
1. Avoid the source of the anxiety > Helps when the anxiety is rooted in reality (avoid the big
dog that scares you, avoid making mistakes at work by paying more attention)
2. Develop defense mechanisms that help you deal with or avoid the other two types of anxiety
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (ANNA FREUD):
Repression: Ego keeps unwanted impulses out of the consciousness
⟶ When repression is conscious: suppression (you try to force something out of the awareness
⟶ Not only id impulses can be repressed but also thinks that are unpleasant
⟶ Can also be partial: you prevent yourself from thinking about it often, but you haven’t
forgotten it.
Denial: dealing with a threatening event by refusing to believe that it happened.
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⟶ Not the same as repression: repression focuses on threats that arise in your mind; denial
has to do with threats from other sources
Projection: you deal with your own undesirable qualities by ascribing them to someone else. A
way to hide your knowledge of disliked aspects of yourself while still expressing that quality. For
example, a husband who has a hostile nature might attribute this hostility to his
wife and say she has an anger management problem.
Projection does two things:
⟶ The energy is still expressed in some way and your true desires still get out into the open
⟶ But, by projecting this unto other people, your ego and superego do not realize that they
are yours.
Rationalization: provide excuse for a behavior you did for the wrong reasons (I committed
tax fraud, but this helped to reduce gov investments in the weapon industry). Failure and
success situations could also be rationalized to maintain our self-esteem.
Intellectualization: you separate yourself from the distress by thinking in an analytical or
intellectual way about the threat. For example: you learn a friend has cancer and so you start to
learn as much as you can about cancer in a bid to detach or separate yourself from the threat.
Displacement: shifting an impulse from one target to the other, this happens when the main or
intended target is threatening. For example: a student is mad at her professor but takes it out
on her boyfriend because directing the anger (impulse) at the professor might be threatening
(expulsion, loss of interest in the course)
Sublimation: you transform the impulse into something else. The impulse expressed isn’t
the original impulse but a transformed form and this helps to reduce the anxiety.
Regression: when you experience anxiety, you fall into a phase that you have already passed or
a previous phase. For example: So due to the anxiety, you fail to complete the anal stage, so you
go back to the oral stage
Isolation: You pay attention to the event but detach the feeling associated with the event. For
example: describing the day your house burnt down in a factual way without expressing any
emotions.
Undoing: Repairing an incorrect behavior. For example: you completely neglect your
children throughout the year but buy them extravagant gifts during Christmas
Gender differences in defense mechanisms:
⟶ Females tend to use more internal mechanisms (for example: somatization > Feeling
stress but then having body pain or a headache)
⟶ Males: tend to use more external defense mechanism (for example: walking out on
someone for example)
What is healthy in terms of defense:
⟶ Sublimation: mature defense according to Freud (cf. supra)
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