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Summary Attachment Handbook Chapter 1: Introduction to Attachment

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Chapter organisation: - Intro to attachment - Biological bases of attachment - Attachment system & other behavioural systems - Attachment bonds and attachment figures

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attachment
bowlby
harlow
freud
lorenz
measuring attachment
measurement
ainsworth
attachment system
behavioural systems
bond
figures
attachment
attachment handbook chapter 1
introduction to attachment

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Attachment Handbook: Chapters 1, 4, 17, 18, 19, 26

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1. Samenvatting - Attachment handbook chapter 17: attachment in middle childhood
2. Samenvatting - Attachment handbook chapter 1: introduction to attachment
3. Samenvatting - Attachment handbook chapter 18: measuring attachment in infancy/early adulthood
4. Samenvatting - Attachment handbook chapter 4: iwms & neuroimaging research
5. Samenvatting - Attachment handbook chapter 19: multiple facets of attachment in adolescence
6. Samenvatting - Attachment handbook chapter 26: the adult attachment interview
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Chapter 1: introduction to attachment
Chapter organisation
1. Intro
2. Biological bases of attachment
3. Attachment system & other behavioural systems
4. Attachment bonds and attachment figures

Bowlby: founding father of attachment
- Was convinced that major disruptions in mother-child relationships were precursors of later
psychopathology
- Early mother-child relationships are critical for the child, and also its later development
- Angry protest → Children experienced intense distress when separated from their mothers, even when
cared for by others

Early theories of attachment
- Psychoanalytic and social learning theorists (Freud)→ Pleasure experienced from hunger drive being
satisfied becomes associated with mother
- Imprinting (Lorenz)→ infant geese became attached to parents, even to objects, that did not feed them
- Harlow monkey experiments → infant monkeys preferred a cloth-covered mother providing comfort over
the wire mother that provided food. Showed that it's not just for food that they form attachments
- Systematic observations (Ainsworth, Schaffer & Emerson) → infants also become attached to people who
did not feed them

Bowlby’s attachment theory - “the nature of the child’s tie to his mother”
- Combining different fields, Bowlby said that the infant’s tie to mother originally emerged as a result of
evolutionary pressures
- Not result from a learning process, but rather biologically through natural selection
- The first basic blueprint of attachment theory

Ainsworth: assessment tool
- Conducted two pioneering naturalistic observation studies of mothers and infants
- She applied ecological principles of attachment theory as framework
- “The strange situation” assessment tool → triggered empirical study of individual differences in
attachment quality

Biological bases of attachment behaviour & evolution link
- Attachment behaviour → outcome of increasing proximity of the child to the attachment figure (usually
mom). Examples include smiling, vocalising, crying
- Bowlby
- 1. Genetic selection favores attachment behaviours
- 2. Increases mother child proximity
- 3. More protection
- 4. Survival advantage
- Infants biologically predisposed to stay close to mother were less likely to be killed by predators,
particularly during times of distress/threat
- Hence, a biological function of attachment behaviour, namely protection
- Attachment is viewed as healthy throughout lifespan, not just a sign of immaturity that needs to be
outgrown. It allows for feeding, learning about environment, regulation, social interaction

Attachment behavioural system
- Behavioural system → species-specific system of behaviours that lead to a certain predictable outcome, at
least one of which contributes to survival and reproductive fitness
- In contrast to what Freud would view (secondary drive theories), attachment:

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