BIO 669 Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Latest updated 2022/2023,100% CORRECT
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BIO 669
BIO 669 Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Latest updated 2022/2023
Immunity
• First line of defense: barriers that are occurring to prevent penetration of pathogens in the body, we have bacteria in our body and gut but that is not an issue. This bacterium prevents pathogens from...
bio 669 innate immunity inflammation and wound healing latest updated 20222023
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BIO 669 Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Latest updated
2022/2023
Immunity
• First line of defense: barriers that are occurring to prevent penetration of pathogens in
the body, we havebacteria in our body and gut but that is not an issue. This bacterium
prevents pathogens from
proliferating and becoming an issue. First line defense is skin, secreted chemicals such as
acidic sweats,movement of fluid over the surface as pathogens start to attach
o Innate (natural) (native) immunity
▪ Physical, mechanical, biochemical barriers
• Second line of defense
o Inflammation
• Third line of defense (if the first two cannot clear infection in timely manner)
o Adaptive (acquired) (specific) immunity
First Line of Defense
• Physical barriers:
o Skin, sloughing off layers continuously
o Linings of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts
o Sloughing off of cells
o Coughing and sneezing
o Flushing—urine
o Vomiting- reverse peristalsis to clear out problems
o Mucus and cilia used in the airway to trap particles and move mucous up to the
esophagus andsent through the GI tract broken down by digestion
First Line of Defense (Cont.)
• Epithelial cell-derived chemical barriers:
o Secrete saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and mucus
o Antimicrobial peptides
▪ Cathelicidins, defensins, collectins, and mannose-binding lectin (part of
the complement system)
• Normal microbiome (beneficial to our health)
o Each surface colonized by bacteria and fungi that is unique to the location and
individual
Second Line of Defense
• Inflammatory response (first immune response to injury)
o Nonspecific, works the same way no matter due to what reason
o Caused by a variety of materials
▪ Infection, tissue necrosis, trauma, physical or chemical injury, foreign
bodies, immune reaction, ischemia, etc.
• Local manifestations
o Redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dubor), loss of function
,Second Line of Defense (Cont.)
• Inflammatory response
o Vascular responses:
▪ Blood vessel dilation due to inflammatory mediators (histamine,
serotonin, bradykinin) increase vascular permeability
▪ Increased vascular permeability and leakage, proteins leak into the
tissue allowing forswelling, heat, increase blood flow (redness), serving
the purpose of increasing the
, temperature for enzyme function of healing fighting pathogens, dilutes
toxins, brings oxygen, increases lymphatic drainage
▪ White blood cell adherence to the inner walls of the vessels and
migration through the vessels
Inflammatio
n
• Goals:
o Hypercoagulability, vessels start clotting off to wall off damaged area and
prevent extension or growing
o Prevent and limit infection and further damage
o Initiate adaptive immune response and create WBC
o Initiate healing
o Limit and control the inflammatory process, bring in macrophages that engulf
the damaged tissues and allows for initiation of new blood vessels to provide
new nutrition for the healing process
o This must be self-limiting or it will be a chronic inflammatory condition which
is recurring inflammatory mediators constantly keeping the area inflammed
which is not good, mediators must be released to limit the inflammation
Plasma Protein Systems
• Protein systems: 3 diff protein systems to help the inflammatory process work well,
part of the innate response, made in bulk, in the plasma and are ready if needed.
They require activation, they are pro- enzymes that are not active.
o Complement system: complements antibodies, clears them out, identifies
pathogens, stimulates further inflammation and drawing WBC to the damaged
area
o Clotting system limits the spread of infection and bleeding associated w trauma
o Kinin system helps ramp up inflammation even further as bradykinin increases
permeability ofthe vasculature allowing for more fluid and cells enter into the
affected tissue
Plasma Protein Systems (Cont.)
• All contain inactive enzymes (proenzymes)
o Sequentially activated
▪ First proenzyme is converted to an active enzyme
▪ Substrate of the activated enzyme becomes the next component in the series
(cascade)
Plasma Protein Systems (Cont.)
• Complement system
o Produces biologically active fragments that recruit phagocytes, activate mast cells,
and destroy
pathogens, can be activated in one of three ways
o Activation of C3 and C5
▪ Opsonin: stimulates receptors on immune cells to stimulate phagocytosis
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