Final exam urbanism and planning
Literature:
Stone:
- He addressed racist issues, in Atlanta there was a better integration.
- Different parties coming together for a common agenda/goal.
- In Atlanta you had the political elite, it was led by a lot of black people, economic elite was
led by the rich. Despite the racist and ideological disagreements, they had a shared goal.
They had much more power than they would’ve had individually. However, it didn’t solve all
the problems. It was a shift from the planner to different parties on who’s planning the city.
Arnstein:
- Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation:
- Citizen power:
- 8. Citizen control: not only control on what’s happening, but also on the conditions that you
can decide.
- 7. Delegated power: Citizens have authority to decide within certain set conditions.
- 6. Partnership: equal partners in terms of knowledge and means.
- Tokenism:
- 5. Placation: place at the table, but they can be overruled.
- 4. Consultation: ideas can be put on the table and people are asked what they think, but not
guarantee that ideas are actively used.
- 3. Informing: people are informed, but they cannot speak up and give their ideas.
- Nonparticipation:
- 2. Therapy: whole process of involving citizen is to correct their view on reality, cure them
from their ‘incorrect ideas’.
- 1. Manipulation: pretending that citizen are involved and heard, nothing is done with input.
Davidoff:
- Davidoff calls for public planners to represent the needs of those who are typically
underrepresented (the minorities, like ethnic minorities or homeless people). Each
stakeholder group needs someone to represent them, to challenge each other’s idea to
reach the best result. For activism and pluralism as part of just decisions.
Forester:
- Forester said that on the one hand, planners need to mediate the dialogue between people.
On the other hand, they need to represent the public interest. Roles like to facilitate meeting
between people for conflict solving.
Harvey:
- Marxist
- He calls for citizen and interest groups to reclaim control and re-balance private and public
interest and rights to the city.
, - He offers an analysis of what he calls the condition of post-modernity and late capitalism.
- Capitalism creates financial implosions, and the elite profits from each resulting period of
‘creative destruction’, through ‘accumulation by dispossession’.
- The privatization of publicly owned land, assets and infrastructure (form of dispossession)
- Accumulation of financial capital drives up the cost of living for others (form of
dispossession)
- Economic crises favor the rich, who end up controlling more assets (form of dispossession)
Madanipour:
- He says: Cities concentrate diversity through competing processes of social inclusion and
social exclusion.
- Social exclusion: economic exclusion (about access to employment and entry to the housing
market), political exclusion (about representation and participation) and cultural exclusion
(about hegemonic symbols, values, languages and religions).
- In exclusion you can look at ‘de jure’ (according to the law) vs ‘de facto’ (according to the
effect).
Molotch:
- Driving force behind most urban politics is the desire for growth.
- All plots (pieces of space) in the city are associated with different vested interest (investing
money but also time and identity etc.), so interest of different nature: commercial,
functional, aesthetical and emotional.
- We need to see a map as a mosaic of competing land interests capable of strategic coalition
and action.
- The local growth coalitions are stakeholders who stand to gain from urban development.
Castells:
- Space of places (the geographical domain; where you find the landscape, cities and
architecture, everything you can touch and in which you are)
- Space of flows (the virtual domain; global exchanges and information, money, goods and
people moving around the world)
- There are places in the space of places that facilitate the space of flows.
- They meet at certain touchpoints (often in cities), where the space of places and space of
flows interacts.
- Castells focus on the power of flows themselves, and how that influence cities.
Sassen:
- Her thesis is: geography of globalism shows both a dynamic of dispersal (the dispersing of
industrial production to all over the world instead of in a few places) and a dynamic of
concentration (facilitators tend to go all to a hub).
- Agglomeration economics and highly innovation environments come together in cities.
- These cities have power over globalization (they drive globalization).
- She says that the hierarchy of cities in the world will probably change, in a country a capital
will always remain the capital which is not the case in the world economy.
- Sassen focusses on the power-concentration in certain cities, and how this influence global
flows.
Taylor:
- The GaWC-methodology: look at the number of connections between firms and cities
- GaWC focus on the interconnectedness or integration of a city into a global hierarchy of
cities (via certain types of firms).
