This document includes a compact summary used to remember all important subjects and articles that have been given throughout the course Biomedical Sciences and Society. The last part of the summary also consists of a whole prepared essay as an example for the exam since we also had to write an ess...
Harari: humans are the central element and our biggest asset is individual freedom) > liberalism
(choose between cultures).
Algorithms could eventually replace us, depending on which future narrative takes over.
Kelly: We have to find the right use for technology. Has its own course & we can be part of it if we
align the technology that we make with the greater technology (determinism).
- Instrumental view - own goal (neutral, use or abuse).
- Deterministic view - (technical dev. cannot be easily influenced by society), own trajectory.
- Interactive view (designing) - (humans/S&T influence each other. “what kind of world do we want
to live in and what kind of technology contributes to that world?”).
- Interactive view (adaptive) – (humans/S&T influence each other. “how can we reinvent ourselves
in the context of technological development?”, society steers the development of S&T.
Sparrow defending the deaf culture.
- Disability because it brings social. So, this disability could be cured by changing our society. E.g.
everyone learns ASL. Disability is a wrong term:
o Humans view a disability by a loss in capacity. But a loss in capacity means a gain in others.
So, in some environments those who can hear are disabled and in other it’s the deaf.
o Normal is seen as the range of variation that we currently recognize. Hearing could be
seen as a difference in hair color or skin, the male or the female body.
- You don’t want people trapped between cultures.
Clearer message on CI: not a quick fix, lot of commitment is needed.
o Value of the tool lies in the skill of the user.
The deaf people do not see themselves as disabled.
NIPT: Societal abnormalization of down syndrome: Fewer people with down syndrome > fewer
services and less understanding > larger disability.
Sign of poverty.
Theory ladenness: observations are never uninformed; therefore, always fallible, revisable.
Reality is not discovered but constructed via endless interactions and negotiations of meaning by
actors involved.
Keulartz: Continuity arguments: one denies that there is actually anything new involved (harmless).
Slippery slope: taking a first step on a particular road will inevitably and irreversibly lead to a whole
series of steps, which in turn will lead ultimately into the moral abyss.
Informed consent: information is provided, understood, capable, not pressured.
Nuremberg code > in response to WW2 trials with people.
Declaration of Helsinki > Voluntary participation, active agreement.
Tuskegee controversy > 7th revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, increased focus on protecting
vulnerable groups, obligation to treat patients who all sick due to research.
1. Public is deficient (homogenous). How scientist communicate information amongst themselves via
articles. Solution: Educate the public, getting the facts straight. / one-way, top-down
2. Public understanding of science. Need to be convinced to accept technology. Solution: educate
and seduce the public (musea, tedtalks). Dialogue, engagement, transparency / two-way
3. Science and society, scientists are deficient > mismatch. Solution: science communication aiming
to change behaviour through active public participation (debate). (public heterogenous).
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