Samenvatting
Summary GENERAL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF A HUMAN
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GENERAL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF A HUMAN General Anatomy & Physiology of a Human - Lowest hierarchy is at the organelles within a cell - Cells with the same functions collected into larger groups -> tissues - Tissues are collected into organs which carry out a single task - Organs work tog...
" glucose="" (outputs)="" happens="" day="" fruits="" vegetables="" we="" eat="" excess="" oxygen;="" it’s="" humans="" plant="" itself="" cellular="" respiration="" (input)=">" (output)="" (atp)="" plants="" capable="" doing="" times="" (just="" like="" humans)="" breakdown="" about="" 21%="" our="" less="" 1%="" 78%="" nitrogen="" (n2)="" hair="" sure="" particles="" dirt="" dust="" picked="" mucus="" (snot)="" stick="" way="" cleaning="" *mouth="" dirtier="" doesn’t="" *air="" warmer="" more="" moist="" outside="" (colder="" dryer)="" 2="" options="" molecule="" *into="" larynx="" (voicebox);="" epiglottis="" closes="" protects="" bronchi="" >="" 1="" bronchus="1" r="" l="" (primary)="" lobar="" (secondary)="" segmental="" (tertiary)="" esophagus="" (where="" want="" food="" go,="" leads="" stomach)="" upper="" tract="" everything="" below="" carina="" where="" side="" vertical="" flat="" gravity="" going="" push="" things="" towards="" conducting="" bronchioles="" branch="" -20="" final="" bronchiole="" (terminal="" bronchiole)="" branches="" 21-="" attached="" alveolar="" ducts="" sac="" (plural)="" alveolus="" singular="" now="" ready="" gas="" exchange="" zone="" average="" p="760" inhaling="" exhaling="" exhalation="" 1.)="" volume="" 2.)="" (more="" collisions="" happening)="" (760mmhg)="" “positive”="" 3.)="" move="" 4.)="" fall="" 760="" inhalation="" increases="" decreases="" (757="" mmhg)="" “negative”="" changes="" “costal”="" refers="" intercostal="" decides="" wants="" breath;="" contracts,="" flatten="" organs="" expansion="" expanding="" (we="" 500="" million="" alveoli);="" being="" pulled="" getting="" size="" lot="" them="" elastin="" 1.="" (requires="" 2.="" stretched="" relax="" recoil="" (driving="" why="" down);="" elastic="" thermoregulation="" allows="" cold="" breathed="" equilibrate="" temperature="" that’s="" these="" inhalation:="" downward,="" fill="" exhalation:="" relaxes="" upward,="" relax,="" pushes="" hyperventilation:="" co2="" produce="" (breathing="" in)="" hypoventilation:="" breathing="" abnormally="" rate,="" resulting="" increased="" notes="" atmosphere="" body’s="" moving="" direction="" uniquely="" constructed="" maximize="" surface="" area="" gases="" works="" interdependently="" ventilation="" process="" aerating="" combination="" negative="" site="" bathed="" aqueous="" surfactant="" keeps="" collapsing="" tension="" lobe="" contained="" within="" tough,="" protective="" pleura,="" pleural="" described="" resident="" *note:="" diffusion="" passive="" mechanism="" directly="" proportional="" involved="" concentration="" gradient="" inversely="" distance="" solutions="" blood,="" exhale="" medulla="" oblongata="" centers="" brainstem="" monitoring="" levels="" ph="" alveoli:="" tiny="" sacs="" asthma:="" characterized="" inflamed,="" narrowed="" airways="" difficulty="" bronchi:="" passageways="" bronchioles:="" passages="" cystic="" fibrosis:="" genetic="" disorder="" affects="" organs,="" breathing,="" coughing="" sputum,="" infections="" perfusion:="" passage="" organ="" pleura:="" inside="" chest="" surfactant:="" secreted="" tidal="" volume:="" normal="" trachea:="" windpipe,="" ventilation:="" gastrointestinal="" (digestive="" system)="" alimentary="" canal)="" location="" abdominal="" starts="" anus="" specialized="" breaking="" good="" absorption="" distribution="" the.="" glands="" perform="" mechanical="" chemical.="" (enzymatic)="" digestion="" absorb="" digested="" smooth="" under="" parasympathetic="" nervous="" chewing="" grinding="" smaller="" pieces="" saliva="" lubricates="" salvia="" provides="" amylase="" lipase="" initiate="" starch="" lipids="" packaged="" parcels="" “bolus”="" swallowed="" (deglutition)="" peristalsis="" bolus="" stomach="" gastric="" sphincter="" initiated="" enzyme="" pepsin="" 3="" secretions="" pepsinogen="" (chief="" cells)="" (goblet="" hydrochloric="" acid="" (parietal="" duodenum="" chyme="" neutralized="" bicarbonate="" pancreatic="" receives="" alkaline="" bile="" juices="" gall="" bladder="" produces="" “brush="" border”="" enzymes="" proteases="" lactase="" disaccharides="" intestine="" villi="" microvilli="" polar="" digest="" absorbed="" exposed="" bacterial="" fermentation="" colon="" absorbs="" remaining="" salt="" vitamin="" k="" accumulates="" rectum="" ejected="" regulate="" many="" aspects="" nutrition="" ghrelin="" induces="" hunger="" leptin="" sensation="" satiety="" (fullness)="" induce="" speed="" insulin="" uptake="" glucagon="" stimulates="" stored="" glycogen="" anus:="" opening="" solid="" expelled="" bolus:="" mass.="" been="" chewed="" chyme:="" semifluid="" mass="" partly="" enzymatic="" digestion:="" break="" bladder:="" stores="" intestine:="" colon,="" vitamins="" feces="" elimination="" liver:="" bile,="" regulates="" storage,="" performs="" bodily="" functions.="" mouth:="" oral="" canal="" pancreas:="" gland="" digestive="" endocrine="" systems="" secretes="" rectum:="" last="" section.="" intestine,="" ending="" saliva:="" mouth,="" known="" spit="" gi="" includes="" duodenum,="" jejunum,="" ileum,="" stomach:="" major="" neuromuscular="" complex="" integrates="" nerves="" long="" bundles="" axons="" transmit="" central="" sensory="" (afferent)="" messages="" (cns)="" motor="" (efferent)="" autonomic="" ex.="" rhythm,="" digestion,="" myofibrils="" sarcomere="" units="" strands="" actin="" (thin="" filaments)="" myosin="" (thick="" skeletal="" function:="" voluntary="" movement.="" nerve:="" cns="" impulse="" dendrite="" axon="" terminal="" transmitted="" neurotransmitters="" synapse="" synapse:="" structure="" neurons="" pass="" neurons,="" muscles,="" neurotransmitter:="" substance="" released="" arrival="" nerve="" diffuses="" across="" synapse,="" transfer="" fiber,="" acetylcholine:="" nt;="" dopamine:="" precursor="" epinephrine="" ns:="" spinal="" cord="" peripheral="" afferent;="" efferent;="" somatic="" information="" senses,="" involuntary;="" actions="" involving="" sympathetic="" arouses="" body;="" flight="" calms="" brain:="" center="" frontal="" lobe:="" thinking,="" organizing,="" emotions,="" behavior,="" personality="" perception,="" making="" sense,="" arithmetic,="" spelling="" temporal:="" memory,="" understanding,="" language="" occipital:="" vision="" anatomy="" cerebellum:="" balance="" cerebrum:="" anterior="" pons:="" links="" thalamus="" oblongata:="" brainstem:="" pons,="" oblongata,="" midbrain="" midbrain:="" develops="" middle="" embryonic="" thalamus:="" relays="" information;="" pain="" perception="" hippocampus:="" emotion,="" ans="" amygdala:="" emotions="" myosin:="" filament;="" protein;="" forms="" contractile="" actin:="" motion;="" sarcomere:="" myofibril="" containing="" muscle:="" muscle,="" stomach,="" lung,="" intestine…="" muscle;="" biceps,="" triceps,="" gluteus="" maximus…="" system:="" unconscious="" such="" axon:="" fiber="" neuron="" contraction:="" shortening="" development="" motion="" bundle="" impulses="" reflex:="" relaxation:="" release="" reproductive="" tandem="" influence="" male="" scrotum="" houses="" testes="" sperm="" production="" prostate="" seminal="" vesicles="" fluids="" necessary="" lubricating="" nourishing="" vas="" deferens,="" urethra,="" penis="" channel="" female="" generates="" gametes="" (eggs)="" majority="" internal="" vagina="" external="" genitals="" cervix="" uterus="" fallopian="" tubes="" ovaries="" graafian="" follicle="" ovary="" matures="" releases="" egg="" fertilization="" fertilized="" embeds="" uterine="" (endometrium)="" placenta="" fetus="" parent="" supplies="" nourishes="" removes="" allow="" cell-to-cell="" communication="" females="" estrogen="" mature="" ovary’s="" endometrium="" thicken="" luteinizing="" hormone="" (lh)="" pituitary="" developing="" corpus="" luteum="" amounts="" progesterone="" prepares="" implantation="" testosterone="" cyclical="" constantly="" matured="" secondary="" sexual="" characteristics="" mammary="" glands,="" axial="" facial="" hair,="" fat="" deposition="" patters,="" growth="" males="" produce,="" maintain,="" semen="" tract.="" secrete="" hormones.="" organs:="" penis,="" scrotum,="" scrotum:="" testes;="" optimal="" spermatogenesis.="" testes:="" gonads;="" testosterone.="" epididymis,="" ejaculatory="" ducts,="" vesicles,="" bulbourethral="" epididymis:="" deferens:="" epididymis="" deferens="" duct="" vesicles:="" gland:="" milky="" (cowper's)="" neutralize="" acidity="" urethra="" fsh:="" spermatogenesis="" lh:="" testosterone:="" sex="" ova="" (oocytes="" receive="" protective,="" environment="" embryo="" labia="" majora,="" minora,="" bartholin's="" clitoris="" (both):="" close="" clitoris:="" erectile="" endings="" sensual="" pleasure="" ovaries,="" tubes,="" uterus,="" ovaries:="" ova,="" tubes:="" uterus;="" uterus:="" implants="" wall;="" birth="" vagina:="" muscular="" tube="" semen,="" intercourse,="" estrogen:="" maturation;="" progesterone:="" oogenesis="" oxytocin:="" prolactin:="" milk="" cervix:="" eggs="" ovary:="" reproduction="" penis:="" urine="" prostate:="" enhances="" motility="" fertility="" pouch="" skin="" testicles="" (testicles):="" urethra:="" exterior="" womb="" testicle="" integumentary="" vital="" protecting="" regulating="" largest="" consists="" nails="" sebaceous,="" sudoriferous="" ceruminous="" epidermis="" (outer="" layer)="" dermis="" (middle="" subcutaneous="" hypodermis="" (inner="" skin:="" follicles="" sweat="" *skin="" important="" maintaining="" homeostasis="" providing="" waterproof="" barrier="" detect="" touch,="" change="" temperature,="" d="" ultraviolet="" hits="" role="" plays="" becomes="" warm,="" sebaceous="" evaporation="" creates="" cooling="" effect="" dilate="" warm="" dilated="" closer="" cooled="" deeper="" cooler="" cold,="" constrict="" carried="" epidermis:="" most="" superficial="" skin;="" entirely="" 5="" layers="" stratum="" corneum:="" "top="" layer"-="" keratinocytes="" lucidum:="" "clear="" colorless="" eleidin="" granulosum:="" "thin="" granular="" spinosum:="" "spiny="" thickest="" layer,="" keratinocytes,="" dendritic="" cells,="" basale:="" "basal="" layer;="" melanocytes.="" dermis:="" epidermis;="" mostly="" receptors="" collagen="" subq:="" binds="" underlying="" deposits="" cushion="" insulate="" exocrine:="" substances="" holocrine:="" secretory="" products;="" whole="" cells;="" connected="" glands:="" sebum:="" oily="" mixture="" proteins;="" waterproofs="" skin,="" pathogens="" eccrine:="" follicle,="" activated="" type="" (sudoriferous="" gland)="" thermoregulation.="" salty="" solution="" electrolytes="" nacl="" khco3="" antimicrobial="" peptides="" apocrine:="" (fatty="" acids,="" triglycerides,="" proteins)="" in:="" armpits="" groin="" palms="" soles="" feet="" (sweat)="" anxiety="" stress="" odor="" bacteria="" feeding="" apocrine="" excretion:="" metabolic="" sweat:="" perspiration="" excreted="" set="" pineal="" hypothalamus="" thyroid="" parathyroid="" thymus="" adrenal="" pancreas="" insulin;="" sugar="" regulates:="" appetite="" sleep="" salt-and-water="" response="" injury="" imbalances="" diseases="" diabetes,="" hyperthyroidism,="" gigantism,="" etc.="" often="" measured="" determine="" present="" activate="" releasing="" received="" target="" *endocrine="" acts="" effects="" longer="" adrenal:="" kidney="" pressure,="" hormone:="" messenger="" transported="" bloodstream="" specific="" processes="" parathyroid:="" neck="" near="" melatonin="" pituitary:="" base="" thymus:="" lymphoid="" t-cells="" growth,="" development,="" inhibiting="" stimulate="" (base="" brain;="" adrenocorticotropic="" (acth)="" cortex="" glucocorticoids="" stimulating="" (tsh)="" (fsh)="" (females)="" (males)="" prolactin="" (gh)="" (bones)="" posterior="" pituitary)="" antidiuretic="" (adh)="" promotes="" retention="" kidneys="" oxytocin="" (center="" brain)="" cycles;="" biorhythms="" (neck;="" metabolism)="" triiodothyronine="" (t3)="" metabolism="" thyroxine="" (t4)="" calcitonin="" inhibits="" calcium="" bones="" (4="" thyroid)="" (pth)="" bones,="" blood.="" (lymphoid="" t-cells)="" thymosin="" t-cell="" (above="" kidneys;="" hr,="" bp,="" functions)="" see="" (stimulates="" response)="" cortisol="" response;="" increase="" glucose,="" decrease="" aldosterone="" na="" content="" norepinephrine="" (female="" gonads)="" maturation,="" ndary="" (male="" regulatessperm="" erythropoietin="" hypoxia="" renin="" angiotensin="" liver="" ii="" vasoconstriction,="" bp="" (alpha="" (beta="" gastrin="" food;="" secretin="" intestine;="" secretion="" cholecystokinin="" salts="" natriuretic="" peptide="" (anp)="" excretion,="" ecf="" urinary="" meet="" collection="" products="" get="" rid="" stays="" bathroom="" well="" what="" maintain="" become="" don’t="" build="" had="" collected="" maintained="" (vein="" hold="" brought="" end="" venous="" outflow="" unique="" capillary="" beds="" (connects="" vein)="" together="" kidney’s="" recollects="" elsewhere="" names="" glomerulus="" gives="" peritubular="" collecting="" responsibility="" filtering="" carrying="" stabilizing="" producing="" active="" return="" artery,="" ureter="" filtrates,="" processes,="" reabsorbs="" ions="" reabsorbed="" retaining="" removing="" =="" nephron="" filtration="" smallest="" functional="" unit="" responsible="" situated="" “cortex”="the" shell="" “medulla”="the" calyx="" first="" pelvis="" calyces="" collect="" exit="" hilum="" vein,="" hydrogen="" pressure;="" excrete="" chloride="" osmolality="" excretion="" (main="" urea)="" glomerular="" come="" turn="" filtrate,="" let="" flow="" afferent="" arteriole="" efferent="" bowman’s="" capsule="" we’re="" filtrate="" space="" changing="" diameter="" countercurrent="" multiplication="" proximal="" convoluted="" tubule="" reabsorbing="" chloride;="" builders="" macromolecules="" amino="" acids="" henle="" descending="" limb="" diving="" deep="" water,="" impermeable="" ascending="" rises="" sodium,="" chloride,="" opposite="" directions="" means="" reabsorb="" drives="" passively="" distal="" reabsorption="" pick="" we’d="" pee="" juxtaglomerular="" apparatus="" collects="" feed="" thing="" interstitium="" urea="" osmolarity="" drive="" cortex:="" outer="" ~1="" nephrons="" (filters)="" glomerulus:="" bowman's="" capsule:="" encapsulates="" medulla:="" tubule:="" ions,="" organic="" stream.="" drugs="" adjusted="" h+="" ions.="" pelvis:="" inner="" materials="" arrive="" urination="" micturition="" urinate="" dispel="" may="" contact="" ureters="" prevent="" backflow="" upwards="" lined="" transitional="" epithelium="" expand="" holds="" 300-500="" ml="" sensors="" communicate="" occur,="" sphincters="" must="" conduct="" world="" urethral="" circle="" (involuntarily="" controlled)="" membranous="" circles="" learned="" potty-training="" greater="" risk="" infection="" stasis="" prostatic="" after="" spongy="" isn’t="" prevented="" kidneys:="" pair="" nephron:="" innermost="" inferior="" cava="" renin:="" reduced="" detected="" baroreceptors="" urea:="" nitrogenous="" ureter:="" conducts="" urine:="" matter="" hematologic="" what’s="" 55%="" blood’s="" 90%="" 8%="" (ex.="" albumin,="" antibody,="" fibrinogen="" (+="" factors)="" 2%="" electrolytes,="" 45%="" four="" heme="" groups="" iron="" group="" bond="" oxygen,="" looks="" bluish="" purple="" darkish="" 98.5%="" lots="" (hemoglobin)="" hematocrit="Volume" total="" percent="" depending="" age,="" gender,="" live="" (altitude)="" look="" flattened="" sphere="" divot="" biconcave="" shape="" nucleus="" dna="" lives="" serum="" include="" factors="" polycythemia="" anemia="" proteins&="" different="" b="" glycolipids,="" everyone="" types="" universal="" donor="" ab="" recipient="" bone="" marrow="" head="" femur,="" humerus="" (long="" bones)="" sternum="" (flat="" pluripotent="" hematopoietic="" stem="" give="" rise="" any="" ten="" lineages="" myeloid="" lineage="" megakaryocytes="" (produce="" platelets)="" bud="" macrophage="" monocyte,="" monocytes="" neutrophil="" (most="" blood)="" eosinophil="" rare="" neutrophils)="" basophils="" eosinophils)="" mast="" histamine="" allergic="" reactions="" antibodies="" t="" natural="" killer="" (nk)="" cane="" either="" fortifications="" castle="" prevents="" presence="" barriers="" composed="" acid,="" enzymes,="" ruptured,="" chemicals="" act="" soldiers="" attack="" fails,="" adaptive="" identifies,="" targets,="" remembers="" pathogen="" *ultimate="" allowing="" harmless="" enter="" components="" vertebrates:="" innate="" nonspecific="" series="" impede="" multiplying="" physical="" commensal="" micro-organisms="" breaks="" enters,="" include:="" interferons="" viral="" replication="" complement="" (binding="" pathogen)="" inflammation="" (fever)="" lymphocyte="" host="" harbor="" intracellular="" phagocytic="" engulf="" extracellular="" macrophages="" conserved="" pathogen-associated="" molecular="" patterns="" (pamps)="" toll-like="" antigen="" presentation="" (acquired)="" antigens="" signature="" (antigens)="" previously="" b-cells="" helper="" cytokines="" cytotoxic="" searches="" destroys="" pathogen’s="" activates="" recognize="" b-cell="" multiplies="" rapidly="" antibody="" bind="" subside,="" stop="" memory="" remember="" re-encounter="" rapid="" activation="" interactions="" several="" antigen-presenting="" malfunction="" aids="" virus,="" hiv,="" infects="" activating="" preventing="" operating="" mistakenly="" antigen,="" autoimmune="" invading="" including="" bacteria,="" viruses,="" fungi,="" protists.="" lymph,="" capillaries,="" vessels,="" nodes.="" dump="" marrow-="" leukocytes-="" wbc="" nodes:="" neck,="" armpit,="" swellings="" filtered="" tissue:="" tonsils,="" adenoids,="" thymus,="" spleen,="" peyer's="" patches="" tonsils:="" pharynx="" throat="" maturation="" chamber="" spleen:="" cleans="" patches:="" ileum="" sm.="" intestine.="" general="" defenses="" primary="" (intact)="" ciliated="" mucous="" membranes:="" cilia="" glandular="" secretions:="" exocrine-="" destroy="" populations:="" compete="" gut="" macrophage:="" phagocytes="" alert="" largest,="" longest="" living="" phagocyte="" lymphocytes:="" infected="" viruses="" t,="" suppressor="" destruction="" cells:="" production.="" t-cells:="" battle="" remain="" incase="" invader="" attacks="" pathogen,="" tumor="" leukocytes:="" wbc-="" monocyte="" cell:="" granulocyte="" neutrophil:="" phagocyte;="" responds="" quick="" invaders="" basophil:="" alerts="" invasion="" eosinophil:="" large,="" defend="" multicellular="" mediated="" response:="" already="" antigen:="" particle="" fungi="" antibody:="" counteracts="" steps="" engulfs="" presents="" fragments="" joins="" 3.="" 4.="" search="" presenting="" 5.="" differentiate="" born="" non="" ex)="" mucus,="" earwax,="" secretions,="" flora,="" antimicrobials,="" inflammation,="" interferons,="" complement,="" nk="" lymphocytes,="" vaccinations="" previous="" encounters="" reaction:="" kill="" prevention:="" (apc)="" naturally="" acquired="" immunity:="" exposure="" immunization="" pregnancy="" breast="" passed="" mother="" child="" infancy="" childhood="" artificially="" immunity="" vaccination="" given="" outbreak="" emergency="" quick,="" lived="" animal="" kind="" particular="" antigens:="" surfaces="" agents="" identify="" them,="" native="" (apc):="" displays="" histocompatibility="" complexes="" antimicrobial:="" kills="" minimal="" b-cell:="" complement:="" particulate="" material="" tcells="" immunoglobulin:="" responses="" serve="" inborn="" second="" line="" ingests="" upon="" reintroduction="" phagocytosis:="" ingestion="" t-cell:="" participate="" synthesize="" store="" calcium,="" phosphate,="" dynamic="" broken="" according="" compact="" hollow="" shafts="" pockets="" examples:="" humerus,="" ulna,="" radius,="" tibia,="" fibular="" wider="" toe="" (metatarsals)="" scapula,="" ribs,="" irregular="" nonsymmetrical="" shapes="" skull,="" knee,="" elbow="" ligaments="" tendon="" hyoid="" supports="" tongue="" only="" held="" hyaline="" cartilage="" cover="" articulating="" synovial="" joints="" hinge,="" ball="" socket,="" pivot="" multinucleate="" osteoclasts="" remove="" mononucleate="" osteoblasts="" periosteum="" sheath="" covers="" osteon="" synthesized="" tubular="" phosphate="" rich="" hydroxyapatite="" embedded="" matrix="" brittle="" defect="" easily="" bone:="" hard,="" calcified="" skeleton="" affect="" result="" ossified="" cartilage:="" ear="" collagen:="" structural="" haversian="" canal:="" channels="" lamellae:="" bone,="" tissue,="" lining="" osteoarthritis:="" degenerative="" joint="" osteoblasts:="" osteoclasts:="" osteocytes:="" osteons:="" cylindrical="" compromise="" osteoporosis:="" brittle,="" fragile="" rheumatoid="" arthritis:="" progressive="" join="" volkmann="" canals="" biology="" macromolecules:="" carbohydrate,="" lipid,="" nucleic="" protein,="" carbohydrate:="" sugars="" starches="" struct"="" id="content-page-show">[Meer zien]