College aantekeningen

Volledige aantekeningen hoorcolleges 6 t/m 8 van 'Duurzame ontwikkeling' GEO1-2103 aan Universiteit Utrecht 2021/2022

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Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

Volledige aantekeningen hoorcolleges 'Duurzame ontwikkeling' GEO1-2103 aan Universiteit Utrecht 2021/2022. Alles uitgebreid en overzichtelijk beschreven. De slides zijn gebruikt als voorbeeld en alles is uitgebreid aangevuld met voorbeelden.

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Geupload op 9 januari 2023
Aantal pagina's 37
Geschreven in 2021/2022
Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) Multiple
Bevat Alle colleges

Notes HC Sustainable Development 2022 6t/m8

12 okt

HC1 (kennisclips)

First clip

Sustainability Issues in Water management

Water scarcity, floods,

Water science

Hydrologic Cycle and Water balance

Introduction to concepts
- Physical processes in runoff generation
- Water balance
- Flowpaths
- River basin management

Hydrologic cycle
- Renewable freshwater cycle in units of thousands of km3 and thousands of km3/year,
respectively, for pools (white numbers) and fluxes (black numbers)

Submarine groundwater discharge is often a neglected part of cycle
- Direct groundwater outflow across the ocean-land interface into the ocean

SGD= freshwater groundwater + recirculated salt water

Physical processes in Runoff Generation

Precipitation
- Water that falls to the earth
Runoff
- Water that flows across land surface after storm event or snowmelt
Infiltration
- Water that seeps into ground
Groundwater

, - Water contained below the ground surface
Evaporation
- Phase change from liquid to gas
Transpiration
- Plant releasing water vapor through its leaves

Water balance
- The amount of water stored in a particular location at a specific time

Interaction between atmospheric water, soil water, surface water, groundwater

Change in storage = inflow – outflow

Watershed
- Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a river (or any body of
water)

Water balance

^S = P – Q – ET + Gin – Gout

S= storage
P= precipitation
Q= discharge
- Water flowing at a point in the river
ET= evapotranspiration
Gin= groundwater input (input from neighboring watersheds)
Gout= groundwater output (our groundwater can rise to surface, become part of Q and leave
our watershed)

Flowpaths-> through gravity

Surface pathways
- Direct precipitation
o Precipitation that falls directly into the stream channel
- Overland flow / surface runoff / surface wash:
o Water moving across the soil surface often in concentrated flows that may cause
rill or gully erosion

Subsurface pathways

, - Subsurface stormflow / interflow / throughflow
o Shallow, slope-parallel (i.e. lateral) flow over an impeding horizon

Groundwater flow
- Water infiltrating through the soil matrix or through preferential pathways to an
unspecified underground depth and is conveyed laterally and/or vertically to the stream
channel along permeable zones (e.g. deep soil or bedrock, fractures in bedrock, or
porous sedimentary strata)

River Basin Management

People, societies, agriculture use watersheds-> it is a system, affected by demand and supply

Issues
- Which water users get priority?
- How large can irrigation area A and/or B grow before exceeding the system’s capacity to
supply these agricultural areas with water?
- What are the other competing, non-irrigation uses for the Virgin dam?
- Many more

Second clip

Sustainability Issues in Water Management 1

Many actors affect water management

- The goal of water management
- Sustainable water resources management
- Why plan? Why manage?

Begin with the end in mind-> the goal of Water Management is water security

- The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of
acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-
economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and
water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and
political stability

, Sustainable water resources management described
- Water resource systems that are managed to satisfy the changing demands placed on
them, now and on into the future, without system degradation, can be called
sustainable
- Sustainable water resource systems are those designed and managed to fully contribute
to the objectives of society, now and in the future, while maintaining their ecological,
environmental, and hydrological integrity

Differences?
- First emphasizes changing demands

Sustainable water resources management involves three blocks and many disciplines

Overlapping science, management, sustainability

PESTEL analysis through, political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal

Video Singapore domestic, diverse water supply, instead of relying on Malaysia

Why plan, why manage?
- Too little water (water scarcity)
- Too much water (floods)
- Too polluted (water quality)
- Too expensive/cheap (water pricing)
- Ecosystem too degraded (mitigation)

Two trends/drivers in contemporary Water Resource Management:
- Sustainability concerns
- Need for “grassroots” participatory approach
o Needs to involve as many stakeholders as possible

Water sustainability issues 1
- Too little water (water scarcity)
- Too much water (floods)

Too little water (water scarcity)

We have a lot of water, but only a small proportion 3% is fresh water, most of that is in ice

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