Samenvatting voor het tentamen. Samenvatting van alle literatuur, aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges en werkgroepen en uitwerkingen van de jurisprudentie.
Tentamen PIL
Inhoud
Week 1: Nature and structure of International Law...................................................................................... 2
Literature.................................................................................................................................................. 2
Notes........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Week 2: Sources of International Law........................................................................................................... 3
Literature.................................................................................................................................................. 3
Notes........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Week 3: Subjects of International Law.......................................................................................................... 6
Literature.................................................................................................................................................. 6
Notes........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Week 4: Jurisdiction and Immunity............................................................................................................... 8
Literature.................................................................................................................................................. 8
Notes...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Week 6: State responsibility....................................................................................................................... 10
Literature................................................................................................................................................ 10
Notes...................................................................................................................................................... 11
Week 7: International Dispute Settlement.................................................................................................. 11
Literature................................................................................................................................................ 11
Week 8: Peace and Security........................................................................................................................ 12
Literature................................................................................................................................................ 12
Cases........................................................................................................................................................... 13
North Sea Continental Shelf Case............................................................................................................ 13
Reparation for injuries ICJ Advisory opinion (11 April 1949)...................................................................13
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ICJ (2012)..................................................................................... 14
Arrest Warrant ICJ (2002)........................................................................................................................ 15
Tehran hostages case.............................................................................................................................. 15
Legality of the Use of Nuclear Weapons ICJ advisory opinion.................................................................16
Nicaragua case ICJ................................................................................................................................... 17
Kosovo Advisory opinion......................................................................................................................... 17
,Week 1: Nature and structure of
International Law
Literature
International Law H1
International law: legal issues of concern to more than one state
History:
- Pre-greek civilizations: treaties between groups of people
- Ancient Greek and Roman times: certain principles and customs, treaties on commerce,
peace agreements
- Late middle ages: Europe, pope had a lot of influence,
theories of Natural law (Jus Naturale) Jus gentium: Law of people/nations
No legal structure yet, but many legal obligations/contracts
Catholic church: natural law, international institutions (end 16 th century: loss of power
catholic church)
- 17th century: 1648 peace of Westphalia, peace treaties: order an structure, international
order from a multiplicity of ‘states’ of equal legal importance
Jean Bodin: State Sovereignty (Hobbes, Locke)
- 19th century: positivism: state will and state consent: unless a state had consented to be
bound by a rule, no international legal obligations exist.
Emergence of formal institutions, multilateral treaties, colonialism
- Interwar period: 1928 treaty of Paris: refrain from going to war as a means of settling their
international controversies and as an instrument of national policy. PCIJ in The Hague
- After WWII: United Nations (UN): principle of equal rights and self-determination and
sovereign equality. General Assembly: organizational structure, consultative role, promotion
of a wide range of goals of global interest.
International law serves as a supplement to national law, which cannot be determined independently
of national law, only when an issue is of interest to more than one national sovereign will.
- Content: the International law of coexistence: are inherently of interest to more than one
state and require to sperate the powers of the sovereign states.
- Form: The international law of cooperation: issues that have been made international
through the adoption of a treaty. The issues are of an international character because
treaties are international agreements governed by international law.
International legal theory: if a state is truly sovereign, how can it be bound by international law?
the existence of plural sovereign states justifies the binding character of international law. The
peaceful coexistence of sovereign states requires basic rules that dictate how states may and may
not behave.
International law vs national law:
- National law: regulates relationship between nationals and state
International law: regulates relationship between states
- International Law does not have a concentration of authority
- International law asserts its own supremacy over national law: generally up to each state to
determine how it implements its international commitments
- How international law is applied in national legal systems:
o Monism: a single coherent legal system: International and national law form a
coherent legal order. International Law can be applied directly in the national legal
system, the international norm prevails
International law prevails
, o Dualism: two separate legal systems that operate independently. It has to be
‘translated’ into the national system, national legislation is required to give effect to
international Law
International law may be set aside
o Pluralism: not one or the other, relationship is complex and diverse
- International legal system lacks a police force and a mandatory juridical system. States
generally honour their legal obligations towards each other because of:
o Long term benefits
o Legitimacy: credibility/reputation
o Benefits of an international organization
o Desire for order and predictability over chaos
o Consent and obedience: sovereign equality of states
o Enforcement mechanisms: institutions and organizations, courts and tribunals
Notes
How does International Law work:
1) Sovereignty: a state has a supreme power over its own territory. Each state has 1 formal vote
which counts equally
2) Consent: states must consent to be bound by international rules
Crime against humanity: widespread and systematic attack on civilian population
Genocide: attack directed to a specific group
International Court of Justice (ICJ): deals with disputes between states, can give advisory opinions to
UN body’s
International Criminal Court (ICC): deals with crimes by individuals
How is international law enforced:
- Hobbes: denied existence of international law as law. Believed force and its use between
self-interested states was the regulating power
- Austin: rules in international system are mere moral rules
- Hatschek: international law, enforcement of rules is mere social compulsion.
Week 2: Sources of International Law
Literature
International Law H2
Lack of universal legislature and courts with compulsory jurisdiction make uncovering the law more
difficult. Because International Law is decentralized, legal obligations may derive from more than one
source.
Art. 38 ICJ Statute: states are always bound by behavioral norms required for the maintenance of
peaceful coexistence.
Primary sources: Law creating: create new rights and obligations constituted by conventions
(treaties), customary law and general principles
Secondary sources: law identifying: merely apply/clarify the content of existing law judicial
decisions and scholarly contributions.
sources:
primary sources:
Conventions/treaties: most direct way states create rights/obligations under International
Law, and only instrument to two or more states that want to enter into a formal legal
relationship. Legal base of treaty-based obligations is state consent: consent is decisive
(pacta sunt servanda)
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