Summary notes- Literature Risk Behavior And Addiction In
Adolescence
INTRODUCTION
♦ Pruning
grey matter decreases. natural process. Neurons and synopsis which aren't used
are being removed
♦ Cold system
control system, rational, executive functions, top-down
♦ Hot system
affective-motivational system, bottom-up
❖ The adaptive adolescence views
risk behaviors are functional in our evolutionairy history. The teen is not only 'work in
progress' but can be looked upon as an exquisitely sensitive, highly adaptable crature
wired almost perfectly for the job of moving from the safety of home in to the
complicated world outside
Risk behavior
behaviors that pose a risk to healthy physical, cognitive, psychosocial
development of adolescents
General process of addiction
-contact with substance
-experimenting with substance
-integrated use
-excessive use
-addicted use
what is considered as risk behavior depends on
1. characteristics of the particular substance or behavior
2. cultural and societal norms
3. scientific knowledge
,Psychoactive substances differ in
1. the type and strength of the effect the degree to which they elicit craving and loss of
control
Intentional definition of addiction
➢ aim to describe a causal addiction process
Extensional definition of addiction
➢ a classification of the characteristics of an addiction
Positive reinforcement
♦ the process where the rate of a behavior increases because a desirable event is resulting
from the behavior
negative reinforcement
occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event is
prevented from happening.
positive reinforcement (substances)
drug use releases dopamine which stimulates more use. Brain adaptation--> preparing
for next drug use, by making the sensitivity of the reward center less sensitive. The
sensitivity of the reward center is decreasing. This is the result of reduction of the
number of dopamine receptors. And making the existing receptors less sensitive to
dopamine.
tolerance
needing a higher dose to have the same effects
♦ withdrawal symptoms
symptoms that occur after chronic use of a drug is reduced or stopped
❖ Theory of Planned Behavior
the idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate
behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes (benefits and costs) toward
specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (self-
efficacy)
DSM 5 includes 2 categories
substance-related / addictive disorders
non-substance related disorders
, ♦ Gambling disorder
the only officially recognized condition in the dsm5 subsection 'non-substance
related disorders)
Internet gaming disorder
A disorder marked by persistent, recurrent, and excessive Internet gaming.
Recommended for further study by the DSM-5 task force.
behavioral addiction
repeated behavior leading to a significant harm or distress of a functionally impairing nature,
which is not reduced by the person and persists over a significant period of time
→ Reinforcement cycle during early stages in the addiction process
subjective perceived situation--> affective and cognitive responses-->
decision to engage in the behavior--> gratification and compensation-->
cognitive biases--> stronger affective and cognitive responses
→ reinforcement cycle during later stages in the addiction process
subjective perceived situation (cues, triggers)--> affective and cognitive
responses (cue reactivity and craving)--> decision to engage in the
behavior--> compensation--> strengthening of implicit
associations/cognitions (cognitive biases)
Meanwhile, imbalance between cold and hot system
adolescence is characterized by
maturity gap
autonomy
identity
independence
impulsivity
PARENTING PRACTICES
practices that shape the understanding of actions, behaviours and rules that parents
exert to regulate the personal and social acts of the child. Parenting practices include
parental communication, parental monitoring as well as parental knowledge, which
some have argued form part of parental monitoring activities. Positive parenting
practices, such as communication and monitoring, are shown to delay risk behaviour in
youth not yet exposed to risk behaviour, control the behaviour of youth experienced in
risk behaviour, and promotes optimal youth development.
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