Classical Positivistic paradigm Interactionism Critical
Paradigm paradigm
Bio- Sociological
psychological Paradigm
paradigm
18-19th Classical
century School -
Beccaria
Bentham
End of the Early Bio- French
19th psychological criminological
century Positivism - sociology -
Atavism Durkheim
Lombroso,
Garofalo
1920- 50 Heredity Anomie/Strain Early Marxism
Psychoanalytic theories, - Marx and
Theories - Freud Rel. later William
Bonding theories- Deprivation Chambliss
Hirschi theories
Cognitive, ed - Robert
personality - King Merton
Bandura and (1938),
Learning theories Richard
- Akers Cloward,
Lloyd Ohlin
(1960) (later
Agnew)
Chicago School - Park
Cultural Conflict – Sellin
Soc. Desorganisation - Shaw and
Mckay
Diff Association theory -
Sutherland, Cressey
Differential Identification Theory
Glasser
American Subculture theories -
Cohen, Lemmert, Mead
1950-70 Ecological Stigma - Critical
theories Goffman Criminology -
Labeling - Horkheimer
Becker Radical
Moral Panic criminology-
theories - Lynch
Albert K. Cohen Neo-Marxism
(1955), Radical
Liberal Abolitionism
feminism
Control theories
Travis Hirschi (1969)
,1970- Routine Birmingham School (English Subcult theories)
1990 Activity Hobbard, Williams, Hebdige
theories -
Marcus
Felson and
Lawrence
Cohen
Situ. Crim.
prevention
After 1990 Right realism Left Realism - Taylor and Young
General Crim Theories Penal state - Wacquant
Situational Development and Late modern theories
approaches life course Soc exclusion theories, Cultural Criminology
Wikström criminology Ferrell, Hayward, Oude Breuil
Clarke Farrington Green criminology
Blue Criminology
Queer Criminology
Digital Criminology
, Classical School (Beccaria, Bentham)
Beccaria
Cause of crime: the result of free and rational decisions of the acting individuals.
Humans are born as free, equal, and rational individuals with both natural rights (e.g. private
property) and natural qualities (e.g. freedom of reason).
o Individual sovereignty; individual rights take precedence over the state – laws to protect
individuals.
o Elected legislators to be represented by the people.
o The social contract, the legitimacy of the state's authority over the individual, arises from a
contract concluded between the two; certain freedoms are given up, including the right to
play in their own court, in exchange for protection.
o Crime breaks the social contract.
o Responsibility to protect the innocent and convict the guilty “The greatest happiness
shared by the greatest number.”
Principles:
- Idea of freedom
- Subsidiarity principle
- Proportionality principle
- Legality principle
- Weigh costs and benefits
Bentham
Cause of crime: crime was is on the outset, by individuals who seek to gain excitement, money,
sex or anything of value to the individuals.
- Humans are rational beings whose laws must prohibit harmful behavior in order to increase
the happiness of the community.
- Founder of utilitarian school: seeking as much happiness as possible and avoiding bad
experiences.
- Penalties are higher for repeat offenders.
- Since punishment also inflicts damage, this is only fair if it reduces a greater evil.
- Rejected the death penalty, as it would do more harm than good and therefore violates the
principle of utilitarianism.
- Rational system of supervision in a prison. Ultimate Disciplinary Prison: Inmates cannot see
who is in central tower and/or they are being watched.
Early Bio-psychological Positivism / Atavism (Lombroso, Garofalo)
Lombroso
Cause of crime: criminals can be simply identified by the way they physically look.
Italian criminologist, phrenologist, physician, and founder of the Italian School of Positivist
Criminology.
Application of scientific methods in the study of human behavior: observation, experiment and
controlled samples as method. l'Uomo delinquente (1876)
Atavism: a tendency to revert to something ancient or ancestral.
Biology: recurrence of traits of an ancestor in a subsequent generation.
