This document contains the important key terms per chapter for the course Personality, Clinical, and Health Psychology. They are color coded per chapter to make studying easier. There are brief explanations for each keyword.
chapter term meaning
the view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior
cultural relativism
1. Looking abnormal, only relative to cultural norms
at mesmerism Mesmer’s methods (hypnosis)
abnormality deinstitutionalization patients’ right movement
managed care coordinated services for existing problems and prevent future ones
transdiagnostic risk factors that increase risk for multiple types of psychological problems
factors
multi-gene/ it takes multiple genetic abnormalities coming together in one individual to
2. Theories polygenic process create a specific disorder
and social learning people also learn behaviors by watching other people (modeling,
treatment theory observational learning)
of primary prevention stopping the development of disorders before they start
abnormality secondary detecting a disorder at its earliest stages and thereby preventing the
prevention development of the full-blown disorder
focus on people who already have the disorder, and seeks to prevent relapse
tertiary prevention
and reduce the impact of the disorder on the person’s quality of life
when an individual tries to describe symptoms in the assessor’s language but
overdiagnosis
3. the assessor interprets the individual’s slow and confused description of
(cross-cultural)
Assessing symptoms as indicating more pathology than is really present
and underdiagnosis when the individual cannot articulate complex emotions or strange perceptual
diagnosing (cross-cultural) experiences in the assessor’s language and thus does not even try to do so
abnormality diagnosis label of a set of symptoms that to occur together
syndrome the set of symptoms (tend to co-occur within individuals, can overlap)
desensitization gradual method for extinguishing anxiety responses to stimuli
modelling the therapist does everything first, and then the client has to copy it
flooding intensively exposing a client to their feared object until anxiety is extinguished
applied tension increases blood pressure and heart rate and can keep people with this type of
technique phobia from fainting when confronted with the feared object
4. Trauma, stress-inoculation teaching clients skills for overcoming problems in their lives
anxiety,
therapy
obsessive-
Mowrer’s two-factor classical conditioning leads to the fear of the phobic object, and operant
compulsive
and related theory conditioning helps maintain it
disorders prepared classical we carry vestiges of our evolutionary history and are biologically prepared to
conditioning learn certain associations quickly
interoceptive heightened awareness of bodily cues
awareness
interoceptive the bodily cues that occurred at the beginning of previous panic attacks and
conditioning have become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks
not a mental disorder, faking in order to avoid an unwanted situation ex.
malingering
military service
5. Somatic a process in which components of mental experience are split off from
symptom dissociation
consciousness but remain accessible through dream and hypnosis (Janet)
and
organic amnesia caused by brain injury (usually anterograde and retrograde)
dissociative
disorders psychogenic amnesia psychological cause (usually retrograde for personal information)
Korsakoff’s due to severe alcohol abuse, not being able to remember much personal or
syndrome general information for several years or decades
6. Mood anhedonia losing interest in life
disorders NSSI nonsuicidal self-injury
and suicide committed by people who feel alienated from others, empty of social contacts,
egoistic suicide
and alone in an unsupportive world (ex. a patient with schizophrenia)
committed by people who experience severe disorientation because of a
anomic suicide major change in their relationship to society (ex. someone who loses their job
after 20 years)
altruistic suicide committed by people who think taking their life will benefit society (ex.
, protesters)
suicides nonrandomly bunched together in space or time (ex. same high
suicide cluster
school)
psychosis unable to tell what is real and unreal
primary delusion we cannot see the basis
7. something we can actually trace, we can see the source of the delusion (ex.
secondary delusion
Schizophren machine sound >> plane)
ia spectrum it is not possible that it would actually happen (ex. chip in the head <> wife
bizarre delusion
and other cheating)
psychotic prodromal before the acute phase
disorders residual after the acute phase
assertive community provide comprehensive services for people with schizophrenia (24/7), medical
treatment programs professionals, social workers, psychologists
pervasive widely spreading
ideas of reference belief that random events have particular meanings just for them
STEPPS systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving
8.
negative affectivity (neuroticism)
Personality dimensions of
disorders detachment (extent of outgoing, trusting)
Alternate DSM-5
antagonism (honesty, appropriate modesty)
Model for
disinhibition (responsible, organized, cautious)
Personality Disorders
(psychoticism: rare personality traits)
amenorrhea losing menstruation
partial-syndrome don’t meet the full criteria for any eating disorder
eating disorders
EDNOS other not specified eating disorders
9. Eating atypical anorexia despite the significant weight loss, BMI is not lower than normal
disorders bulimia nervosa of binge + compensatory occur less than 1-2 times per week and/or for less than
low frequency 3 months
and/or limited
duration
night eating disorder excessive amounts of food after dinner or at night (no control, insomnia)
allostasis the body learns how to react more efficiently to stress
allostatic load chronic physiological arousal that severely damages the body
innate immune reacts quickly and nonspecifically to any microorganism or toxin that enters
system the body
specific immune slower to respond, but tailored to the particular type of pathogen present
system (remembers the pathogen)
myocardial infraction (heart attack) an end point of CHD (when the heart is completely blocked)
the heart-supplying blood vessels are narrowed or closed by the gradual
plaque
10. Health buildup of a hard, fatty substance
psychology inflammation of blood vessels walls blocking the flow of oxygen and nutrients
atherosclerosis
to the heart
angina pectoris blockage of vessels >> pain radiated actors the chest and arm
hypertension high blood pressure
alpha waves relaxed, 8 to 12 hertz (cycles per second)
delta waves slow waves of 1 to 2 hertz
k-complex occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG
polysomnographic assessment of how people sleep (lab setting), the actigraph records movement
evaluation (PSG)
11. Traits behaviors change over time > the manifestation of personality shifts with age
Personality
and trait (even though the behaviors are different at the different ages, they
taxonomies Coherence
nevertheless express the same underlying trait)
trait typical of the person (between-subjects variations of behavior)
state varies across time and situations (within-subject variations of behavior)
act frequency traits are categories of acts
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