Samenvatting
Summary 2.4C Perception
A summary of the literature for the 2.4 Perception course. Containing information for all 8 problems, about visual and auditory perception.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 41 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 41 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Contents1: The eye ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Anatomy .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Light ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Light to electricity ................................................................................................................................ 6
Hecht’s Psychophysical experiment ................................................................................................ 6
Pigment and Perception ...................................................................................................................... 6
Visual pigment regeneration ........................................................................................................... 7
Spectral sensitivity........................................................................................................................... 7
Absorption spectra .......................................................................................................................... 8
Perception ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Lateral inhibition ............................................................................................................................. 8
2: Visual Brain ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus................................................................................................................ 10
Striate Cortex..................................................................................................................................... 10
Hubel and Wiesel........................................................................................................................... 10
Feature detectors .......................................................................................................................... 12
Maps .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Columns ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Representation of an object .......................................................................................................... 14
Pathways or streams ......................................................................................................................... 15
Ungerleider and Mishkin ............................................................................................................... 15
Milner and Goodale ....................................................................................................................... 15
Types of stimuli ................................................................................................................................. 16
Specialization of neurons .................................................................................................................. 16
Evolution........................................................................................................................................ 16
Experience ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Deficits ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Achromatopsia .............................................................................................................................. 16
Akinetopsia .................................................................................................................................... 17
Damaged visual cortex .................................................................................................................. 17
3: Psychophysics and Colour Perception ............................................................................................... 17
Psychophysics .................................................................................................................................... 17
Detection ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Discrimination ............................................................................................................................... 19
1
, Colour Perception.............................................................................................................................. 20
Detection ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Discrimination ............................................................................................................................... 20
Colour Appearance ........................................................................................................................ 21
Individual Differences .................................................................................................................... 21
Colour ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Usefulness of colour vision ............................................................................................................ 22
4: Object Perception.............................................................................................................................. 22
Gestalt Approach ............................................................................................................................... 22
Gestalt laws of Perceptual Organization ....................................................................................... 22
Perceptual Segregation ................................................................................................................. 24
Construction of Objects..................................................................................................................... 24
David Marr ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Feature Integration Theory ........................................................................................................... 25
Recognition-by-Components Approach ........................................................................................ 26
Intelligence of Object Perception ...................................................................................................... 27
The difficulties for computers. ...................................................................................................... 27
Heuristics ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Top-down processing .................................................................................................................... 27
Object recognition with other senses ............................................................................................... 28
Failures in object recognition ............................................................................................................ 28
Apperceptive agnosia .................................................................................................................... 28
Integrative Agnosia........................................................................................................................ 28
Associative Agnosia ....................................................................................................................... 28
Category Specificity ....................................................................................................................... 29
Prosopagnosia ............................................................................................................................... 29
Face recognition ................................................................................................................................ 29
5: Depth Perception .............................................................................................................................. 29
Monocular Cues................................................................................................................................. 30
Binocular Vision ................................................................................................................................. 31
Combining the cues ........................................................................................................................... 33
Illusions .......................................................................................................................................... 33
6: Action and Motion............................................................................................................................. 33
Information in the environment ....................................................................................................... 33
Eye information ................................................................................................................................. 33
Corollary Discharge Theory ........................................................................................................... 34
2
, The brain............................................................................................................................................ 35
Single neurons ............................................................................................................................... 35
The human body................................................................................................................................ 35
7: Hearing .............................................................................................................................................. 36
Structure of the auditory system ...................................................................................................... 36
Auditory nerve ............................................................................................................................... 38
Brain structures ............................................................................................................................. 39
Operating characteristics .................................................................................................................. 39
Hearing loss ....................................................................................................................................... 40
8: Hearing .............................................................................................................................................. 40
Sound localization ............................................................................................................................. 40
3
, 1: The eye
Anatomy
There are three layers of membrane surrounding the eye. The outer membrane made up of sclera,
which is the white of your eye, the middle membrane is the choroid, which contains most of the
blood vessels, and the retina, which is made up of neurons.
The iris is a donut formed muscle which controls how big the pupil is. When there is less light, the iris
relaxes and more light can enter. This process is automatic and is called the pupillary reflex.
Both the anterior and the posterior chamber are filled with a liquid called aqueous humor. The
vitreous chamber is filled with vitreous humor.
The intraocular pressure, which is the pressure of the chambers with fluid, needs to be greater than
the air pressure, but not too great.
The focal length is the distance from the lens at which the image is in focus far away. The power of
the lens is expressed in diopters, which, is 1/focal length.
The lens is attached to the choroid with zonule fibers. The ciliary muscles also connect the lens to the
choroid. When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the choroid can pull on the lens through the zonule
fibers, this stretches the lens, resulting in being able to see far away. When the ciliary muscles
contract, they resist the pull of the choroid and the lens is thicker so you can see close by.
The retina contains three main layers, the nuclear layers. These are the outer nuclear layer, the inner
nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer. These layers have this name because they contain the nuclei
of the various types of neurons in the retina.
The nuclear layers are separated by the synaptic layers, where the neurons synapse with each other.
Towards the back of the eye there is a layer containing the inner and outer segments on the
photoreceptors. The outer segments on the photoreceptors, where transduction occurs, are placed
in the pigment epithelium layer.
The outer nuclear layers contains the rest of the photoreceptors. The inner nuclear layer contains the
bipolar cells, horizontal cells and amacrine cells. The ganglion cell layer contains the ganglion cells.
The synapses among the photoreceptors, bipolar cells and horizontal cells are in the inner synaptic
layer, the others in the outer synaptic layer.
4
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper myrthe3. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 64438 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen