Die Zusammenfassung setzt sich aus einigen Begriffserklärungen, vielen Beispielen, Erklärungen und ein paar Abbildunugen zur Veranschaulichung zusammen und bietet einen guten Überblick über die Einführungsvorlesung "Introduction to Linguistic".
Grobe Übersicht über die Lecture:
- Phonetics and Phonology:
Phonetics: study of how we produce and receive phones (i.e. sounds)
Phonology: study of sound systems in specific language
- Morphology:
Study of internal structure of words (e.g. sing-er-s)
Different to syllables! They carry meaning
Inflectional vs. Derivational
- Syntax and Grammar
Syntax: study of rules of combining words to form sentences
Grammar: study of rules of combining morphemes to form words and
words to form sentences
- Semantics:
Study of meaning out of context what is literally said?
Sense relations synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, etc.
- Pragmatics:
Study of meaning in context what is meant?
2. Phonetics and phonology – the sounds of speech
Phonetics: precise description of sounds of human languages from 3 perspectives:
- Articulatory (how they´re formed in the mouth, the glottis and the nasal cavity?)
=most useful starting point
- Acoustic (what are they like when measured while travelling through the air?)
- Auditory (how are they perceived by the listener?)
- Meaning & grammar aren´t relevant
Two major classes of speech sounds:
Consonants:
- pronunciation: positioning the speech organs in specific way + block air stream
Vowels:
- not vocal but vowel: the sound of one or more vocals
- people, beat, seed, perceive: same vowel [i:], but spelled in four different ways
- diphthongs: if two vowels are pronounced together, e.g. in pair, pare and pear: [ƐƏ)
is spelled in 3 different ways depending on the meaning
- to produce vowels: we position our speech organs in a specific way but don´t block
the air-stream by causing friction (Reibung) or complete closure
,e.g. [i] = close and front = front of mouth / with front part of tongue close to the palate
(Gaumen)
[ꭤ] = back and open = articulated in back of the mouth, with tongue lowered (open air
stream)
Pulmonic =Air stream from lungs is involved in their production
(Fricative = Reibung, lateral = seitlich)
- bilabial = obstruction by both lips
- palatal = obstruction by the tongue and palate
- plosives = blocking air-stream completely for a brief period
- fricatives = partially obstructing air-stream
- approximants= without audible friction
- mixed manners of articulation: combination of plosive & corresponding fricative [tʃ] or
[dʒ]
, - clear / palatal [l] vs. dark/ velar [ɫ] e.g. clear: deutsch viel vs. dark: feel
- cardinal vowels: e.g. [i] (close to [i:] in beat; seed
- central vowel: [ə] least effort; tongue neutral position; mouth relaxed & open
very frequent e.g. for the painter
- tongue lowered as far as possible: [ꭤ]
- Diphthongs: produced by movement of tongue from starting to end point (see above)
- Monophthongs: consist of only one element
- lip rounding (e.g. earl vs. Öl)
- nasality: if velum is lowered, air-stream escapes through nose nasal vowel
- consonant production factors:
o place of articulation (which parts of mouth involved in obstructing the air-
stream)
o manner of articulation (is the obstruction (Hindernis) total = brief stop; or
partial = kind of friction)
o voicing (do or don´t vocal cords vibrate during articulation (like in voiced
vowels&consonants vs. in voiceless consonants))
Palate= Gaumen
Nasal cavity= Nasenhöhle
Uvula= Gaumenzäpfchen
Epiglottis= Kehldeckel/ Stimmritze
Glottis= Stimmritze
Windpipe= Luftröhre
Larynx= Kehlkopf
Oesophagus= Speiseröhre
Vocal cords= Stimmbänder
Alveolar ridge= direkt hinter Zähnen
Tip= Zungenspitze
Tipbladefrontback
Phonoloy: study of speech sounds seen as basic units in a structural system
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