Summary Digital Technology A-Level - Unit A2 1: Information Systems [Booklet 3] [Advanced Notes]
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Unit A2 1 - Information Systems
Instelling
CCEA
These booklets contain all notes required to achieve an A* in the Information Systems module, all notes have been extracted directly from CCEA's mark schemes.
Booklet 1 - Networks
Booklet 2 - Databases
Booklet 3 - Application Of Digital Technology
,Artificial Intelligence (AI):
The study of all aspects of intelligence ... and modelling these by computer systems
The aim is to create intelligent machines ... which can function/react/think like
humans ... by learning … and adapting.
Turing Test:
A test to determine if a machine’s behaviour is indistinguishable from a human’s
response. The test involves a player, a human and a machine. The player does not
know which is the human and which is the machine. The player asks questions of the
human and the machine ... and tries to discover which is the human.
Describe the main features of a neural network:
A neural network models the human brain.
It consists of a collection of nodes ... linked by one-way/two-way connections.
Each node calculates the weighted sum of its inputs ... and provides an output.
Backward propagation may be used.
Fuzzy logic:
Fuzzy logic uses probabilities/degrees of truth
... instead of true & false/1 & 0/Boolean logic/formal logic
Decisions can be made with incomplete data/uncertain data
Computers can mimic human reasoning
Fuzzy logic is designed to solve problems by making the best possible
decision given the input
Heuristics:
Rules of thumb
… derived from human experience/intuition
… not purely from logic
Requires judgement/estimation/evaluation
Knowledge engineer:
Collects the information
… for the knowledge base
… and formulates it as a set of rules and facts
Expert systems shell:
This is the software development environment for creating an expert system
It contains the components of an expert system ... such as a knowledge acquisition
system/knowledge base/inference engine/user interface
These components can be populated/configured for the application
, A hospital uses an expert system to assist in the diagnosis of illnesses.
The expert system includes a user interface.
Name and describe two other components:
Knowledge base
Contains the facts
…. and rules
… and heuristics
… relating to the subject domain
Inference engine
Interrogates the knowledge base
… and draws conclusions
Poses questions to the user
… and uses the answers provided
… to determine a suitable response
Compare the suitability of a command line interface and a WIMP interface for an
expert system:
Command line
This is a text-based interface
There is a pre-set list of commands
Each command is entered at a prompt and usually includes parameters
and/or switches
WIMP
This is a GUI
Tasks have their own window containing icons and/or menus
A pointer is used to navigate and to select icons/menu options
Users may not be experienced in using a CLI
… and will not know the syntax of commands
They may prefer an intuitive interface provided by a WIMP
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