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Summary 1.6 Normal or Abnormal - Problem 5 - Sex Disorders and DSM
Summary of the fifth problem of the course 1.6 Normal or Abnormal - Sex Disorders and DSM
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Problem 5 - Sex disorders and DSMParaphilic disorders = “recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges/behs, involve abnormal targets of
sexual attraction / unusual courtship behs / desire for pain & suffering of oneself & others
- Considered pathological but feel no distress
- Sometimes even in healthy and happy ppl
Need to distinguish paraphilia (unusual sexual interest- no harm) & paraphilic disorder (cause harm to
oneself/others)
A paraphilic = focus mostly on the act/objects (sometimes can’t cum without it) – are usually compulsive – and need
to cum 4-10 times a day – almost all are male – but many won’t disclose
Types of paraphilias (8 in DSM)
(Apotemnophilia – arousal cuz of amputee)
1. Law – mainly sex offenders
2. Personal distress
3. Partner distress
4. Sexual dysfunction
Since: most ppl with paraphilias’s are male, begin around puberty, the ppl with strong sex drive, have many
comorbid paraphilias
→ Why? – men – more dependent on visual sexual imagery & physical stimulus – so can be aroused by nonsexual
stuff & most sex drive in during puberty (Women - more emotional stimulus )- maybe conditioning/observation &
modeling may play a role - e.g. photo = stimulus, reinforcement = orgasm → conditioned – but doesn’t explain why
only a few ♂ fetishize panties – if masturbate to women wearing them
☹ : Most studies on paraphilias – conducted on sex offenders
Fetishistic Disorder –
A. 6+ months, recurrent, intense arousal from
objects/body parts → fantasies, urges, behs
B. Not just cross-dressing/sex toys
C. Fantasies/behavior causes distress/impairment in social,
job
e.g. being attracted to the leather not the partner with leather
♀ fetishists extremely rare
Required/strongly prefered for arousal/during sex
Co-occurs often with sado-masochism
Often ppl are REALLY ashamed
Classical conditioning + social learning = e.g. panties are eroticized with sex and the female body – but individual
differences
Men higher in sexual condition ability – more prone to develop fetishes
When consent by partner – fetish, if non-consensual – fetishistic disorder
Transvestic Disorder
A. 6+ months, recurrent, arousal from cross-dressing
B. Fantasies, sexual urges, behs cause clinical
distress/impair social, occupational…
Usually starts during adolescence, - masturbate while wearing female clothes - why?
Autogynephilia = arousal by thought of being a woman – but only for some – others focus on specific stuff
, - more fetishistic (for transvestic fetishists) ↑
- autogynephilic fantasies = ↑ gender dysphoria
Mostly harmless
Cross-dressing men = ↑ sexual abuse before 10 yo, more easily aroused, masturbate more, watch more porn, and
have other paraphilias
3% of men and 0.4% of women – erotic cross dressing, but the disorder is much less
Voyeuristic Disorder
A. 6+ months, recurrent, intense arousal from observing
naked person/disrobing/having sex
B. Acts with nonconsenting person, & the urges/fantasies
cause clinically significant distress/impairment
C. The aroused individual is min. 18 y/o
Most common in young men
Co-occurs with exhibitionism & association with S&M & crossdressing
Most common illegal sexual activity
Why? ♀ + privacy + mystery around sexual activity = curiosity (but shy) – meet without trauma = avoids rejection →
feelings of power & secret domination – contributes to the maintenance
- Porn is an alternative source of gratification – but not a good enough substitute
We dk how common it is – but probably one of most common
Comes with more psych problems, ↓ life satisfaction, ↑ masturbation, ↑ porn, and easier aroused
Many people probably have inclination – but stopped by possibility of getting caught and ethics – privacy thoughts
In 11.5 % of men and 3.0 of women - done some kind of voyeur activity
Exhibitionistic disorder
A. 6+ months, recurrent, arousal from exposing your
genitals to nonconsenting person
B. Acted upon the urges/cause distress/impairment in life
Victims shock = ↑ arousing
Often drives, exposes, and quickly drives away
Often repeatedly in one location/general vicinity/time of day
Typical victim = female unknown to the offender
Starts in adolescence – most common sexual offense in EU & US
20% of women have been a target to either exhibitionism/voyeurism
Prevalence – 4.1% of men & 2.1% of ♀
Co -ocurrs with voyeurism & sadomasochism & crossdressing
- Associated with more psych problem, ↓ life satisfaction, more porn, masturbation
Sometimes exhibitionists also do gestures/masturbate – but mostly only exposure
Some men may do it not because of the paraphilia but because of anti-social personality disorder
Behavioristic theory: offenders coming back to the same place to get arousal (classical conditioning → pairing the
environment with the act, later operant conditioning → coming to the place to get aroused which reinforces it)
Frotteuristic disorder
A. 6+ months, recurrent intense arousal from
touching/rubbing against nonconsenting person –
fantasies, urges, behs.
B. Acted on the urges/ cause distress & life impairment
Commonly co-occurs with voyeurism & exhibitionism
Usually in crowded places
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