College aantekeningen
College aantekeningen (1-7) Natural Hazards (GEO2-4211)
- Instelling
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Alle college aantekeningen voor het eerste tentamen (hc 1-7) van de cursus Natural Hazards.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 27 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 27 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Summary Part 1 – Natural HazardsSummary Part 1 – Natural Hazards..............................................................................1
1. What does it mean to have a major event?...............................................................3
Tohoku-Oki earthquake, tsunami, and Fukushima nuclear disaster.........................3
2. Tsunamis..................................................................................................................5
Why were we unprepared?........................................................................................5
3. Earthquakes.............................................................................................................7
What is an earthquake?.............................................................................................7
Can we predict earthquakes?....................................................................................7
Can we predict earthquakes?....................................................................................8
Hazard & Risk............................................................................................................9
4. Impact (and extinctions)..........................................................................................10
Earth’s place in space..............................................................................................10
Asteroids, meteorites and comets...........................................................................10
Impacts and airbursts...............................................................................................10
Mass extinction........................................................................................................11
Risk related to impacts............................................................................................13
Identifying (trajectories of) dark matter objects.......................................................13
Minimizing the impact hazard..................................................................................14
5. Volcanic hazard.......................................................................................................15
Hazards from volcanic eruption...............................................................................15
Locations of active volcanoes..................................................................................15
Volcano types..........................................................................................................16
Before and during eruption......................................................................................19
Today, best practices in case of a major volcano eruption include.........................20
6. Flooding...................................................................................................................21
What factors influence flood generation?................................................................21
How can hydrographs be characterized?................................................................23
How to model rainfall runoff processes and flood extent?.......................................23
What mitigation and adaptation measures can be taken?......................................24
7. Storm impacts on coastal landforms.......................................................................26
What are tropical/extra tropical storms?..................................................................26
Hydrodynamic effects on coasts..............................................................................26
Morphologic effects on coasts.................................................................................27
,Geologic effects.......................................................................................................27
, 1. What does it mean to have a major event?
Tohoku-Oki earthquake, tsunami, and Fukushima nuclear disaster
The preconditions
o Geographical preconditions
o The Japanese economy
Disaster strikes
o The quake and tsunami
o Direct economic impact
The aftermath
o Long run effects
The preconditions
The geographical preconditions
Plate tectonic context. The tectonic movement goes very slow.
Pre-earthquake estimate of seismic hazard. In Tohoku-Oki a Mw=9.0 was not
expected seeing as evidence of historical tsunami’s was not taken serious.
Mitigation “early warning” system: operational in Japan since 2007. It gives the
location and nature of the earthquake. It distinguishes small (nearby) events from
distant large events. It automatically closes down gas, electricity, trains, trams, etc. It
issues alarms to nuclear plants, factories, and population.
The Japanese economy
Did they do enough to prepare?
Social Cost Benefit Analysis:
What is the hazard rate?
What is at risk? (Alaska middle of nowhere or massive city…)
What are social preferences towards risk?
How was the emergency response?
Before the event it was the 5th economy in the world.
10th in population
62nd in area
High economic and population density
Integrated in global supply networks
Need to import raw materials, food and energy
Export manufactures
Major investor, banking, trading
Disaster strikes
The Quake
Horizontal and vertical displacement due to the earthquake. A wave of displacement
followed. The earthquake warning system noticed the earthquake 30 seconds after
its origin time. Tv and text messages were send to millions – one minute before
, earthquake was felt in Tokyo. Tsunami had same origin time as the earthquake.
Tsunami waves are slow. They need more time to arrive at the scene.
The height and inundation of the tsunami were unexpected.
Tsunami dikes were smaller than needed
Population did not flee to high enough ground
Fukushima power plant insufficiently protected
Fukushima had:
1. Automatic shutdown of nuclear reactions
2. Failure of power generators due to water
a. Cooling system failure
Direct Economic Impacts
Massive power outages. Took serval years to rebuild the energy capacities.
-3.7% contraction in GDP (January-March)
Supply Factors
o 5% of capital stock lost (cf. 2% at Kobe)
o 25.000+ dead
o 25% of seafood production capacity wiped out
Demand Factors
o 500.000+ people lost everything
o 400.000+ claims on insurance
o 51% drop in sales of consumer durables (cars etc.)
Total exports -2.2%
o Vehicle exports dropped 27.8% in March
o Contamination scare
o By June supply chains restored
The aftermath
Prevention/ long term orientation
Earthquakes:
o Strong building construction
o Early warning systems
Tsunami:
o Early warning systems
o Dikes (too small for this one)
Nuclear power station:
o Told to believe it was quite safe
o Reality turned out to be different
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