College aantekeningen
Global Security (6442HGS) - Lecture Notes (1-12)
- Instelling
- Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Complete notes on lectures (and guest lectures) 1-12 of the course Global Security (6442HGS). Total: 65 pages.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 65 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 65 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
1IRO ‘23: Global Security - Lecture Notes
Lecture 1: What is Global Security?
Key Concepts: security; referent object; deterrence
1. Defining Security
Wolfers, 1962: Security, in an objective sense, measures the absence of threats to acquired
values. In a subjective sense, measures the absence of fear that such values will be
attacked.
● Broad, designed to cover many areas: different states place more/less value on
certain aspects of security.
Security: A ‘Contested Concept’ → creates disputes about proper use.
● What values need protection?
● What counts as a threat to these values?
● Is security absolute?
Narrow vs Broad definitions?
● “Survival” = freedom from life-determining threats.
● Or, “survival-plus” = freedom to have life choices.
Meaning defined by whom? (generals, diplomats, activists, academics, policymakers?) →
can also become politicised; it matters to know how people use the term.
The Referent Object
What is it that needs to be made secure?
● State, national interest (typically)?
● Individuals, ethnic groups, society as a whole, the environment, the planet?
→ These all are not necessarily independent of one another; i.e. hard to think of a
country preserving national interest without safety for their society.
Key Dimensions of Security (Buzan, 1991)
● MIlitary – offensive & defensive capabilities and consequences.
● Political – state stability, system of government.
● Economic – resources and welfare.
, 2
● Social sustainability – maintenance of traditions and customs.
● Environmental sustainability – maintenance of the local and planetary biosphere.
Issues & Threats
In perceptions of security, there is a way that we have our views of priorities, but they are
socially constructed phenomena that evolve with time and ongoing discussions.
As of 2023
● Increasing perceptions of political polarisation within countries.
● Increasing perceptions of threats to democracy, within countries and internationally.
A Matrix of Security Studies (Paris 2001)
2. How Can Security Be Achieved?
“The search for perfect security … defeats its own ends. Playing for safety is the most
dangerous way to live.”
3. Security Studies as a Field of Inquiry?
The Golden Age – 1950-1960
First and Second World Wars
● Civilian contributions to the study of strategy.
● Long-term strategy to avoid war.
The national interest
● Security rather than welfare
, 3
The nuclear revolution
● Seminal research on deterrence, containment, coercion, escalation, arms control.
● Belief in deductive, rational thinking.
The End of the Golden Age – 1960-1970
Limits to traditional approaches
● Not applicable to the peasant war in Vietnam.
● Limited view of politics (only military balances, not beliefs and perceptions).
● Assumes perfect information and constant ability to rationally calculate.
Public disinterest in “national security”
● Critique of the Vietnam War made security studies an unfashionable subject at
universities.
→ Focus on international political economy
The Renaissance of Security Studies – 1970-1990
New data
● More systematic use of historical analysis; more access to archives.
New methods
● Structured-focused case comparisons; more diverse social scientific approaches to
explain historic events.
New realities
● End of Cold War détente; Iranian and Nicaraguan revolution; Soviet interventions in
African states and Afghanistan.
Changes Due to the End of the Cold War?
In the character of warfare
● For civil wars, “new wars”:
- Civilians as targets (as opposed to well-ordered battles between soldiers in
uniforms);
- Criminalisation of violence (as opposed to state-building enterprises;
- Identity-based wars (as opposed to forward-looking transformative ideological
agendas).
● For international wars: Hybrid wars? Grey-zone warfare?
→ There are strong disagreements among researchers about whether there have in fact
been changes.
, 4
Changes After the September 11th 2001 Attacks?
● The “Global War on Terror”.
● Greater international interventionism?
● Conflicts are more complex, multi-layered?
● Growth in multi-party conflicts?
● Possible challenges to the post-Cold War unipolar balance of power?
Approaches Can Shape What We Pay Attention To
Problem-Solving vs Critical Theory
Problem-solving theory
● “Takes the world as it finds it, the prevailing social and power relationships and the
institutions into which they are organised as the given framework for action.”
Critical theory
● “Does not take institutions and social and power relations for granted but calls them
into question (...) Critical theory is directed to the social and political complex as a
whole rather than to the separate parts.”
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper annabelvdm. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,69. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 52510 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen