Inhoud
Week 1 – Avoidance behavior................................................................................................................2
Article: An Experimental Investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in Maintenance of
Panic disorder with Agoraphobia...........................................................................................................2
Article: The relation between Rumination, Avoidance and Depression in a non-clinical Sample...........3
Article: Experimental Avoidance and Behavioural Disorders: a functional Dimensions Approach to
Diagnosis and Treatment........................................................................................................................4
Week 2 - Memory...................................................................................................................................7
Article: Disruption in Autobiographical Memory processing in depression and the emergence of
memory therapeutics.............................................................................................................................7
Article: What Science tells us about false and Repressed memories......................................................9
Week 3 - Attention...............................................................................................................................12
Article: Double attention bias for Negative Emotional Faces in Clinical Depression: Evidence from and
Eye-tracking study................................................................................................................................12
Article: Keeping Pain in Mind: a Motivational Account of Attentional Pain..........................................14
Article: Attentional Bias in Addictive Behaviours: a Review of its Development, Causes and
Consequences......................................................................................................................................16
Article: the Attentional Bias Modification Approach to Anxiety Intervention......................................19
Week 4 – Goals.....................................................................................................................................22
Article: The Effects of a Brief Meaning in Life intervention on the Incentive Salience of Alcohol.........22
Article: Purpose of Life as a System that Creates and Sustains Health and well-being: an integrative,
testable theory.....................................................................................................................................23
Article: Meaning in life: clinical relevance and predictive power.........................................................25
Article: Fear of the Unknown as a Mechanism of the Inverse Relation between Life Meaning and
Psychological Distress...........................................................................................................................26
Week 5: Expectations...........................................................................................................................28
Article: Negative Expectancy Bias in Psychopathology.........................................................................28
Article: the Role of Expectations in Mental Disorders and their Treatment.........................................31
Week 6: Sleep.......................................................................................................................................33
Article: Insomnia Disorder and Its Reciprocal Relation with Psychopathology.....................................33
Article: Three-Year Follow-Up Comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression to Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia, for Patients With Both Diagnoses...................................................34
Article: Depression Prevention via Digital Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia: a randomized
controlled trial......................................................................................................................................35
Article: Overnight worsening of emotional distress indicates maladaptive sleep in insomnia.............36
Week 7 Clinical applications.................................................................................................................39
Article: Toward a Unified Treatment for Emotional Disorders: Update on the Science and Practice...39
,Article: Shared Risk and Protective Factors for Overweight and Disordered Eating in Adolescents.....43
Article: Peer-provided Problem Management Plus (PM+) for adult Syrian refugees: a pilot randomised
controlled trial on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.......................................................................45
Week 1 – Avoidance behavior
Article: An Experimental Investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in Maintenance of
Panic disorder with Agoraphobia
,Authors: Paul M. Salkovkis, David. M. Clack, Adrian Wells, and Micheal G. Gelder
Introduction
- Avoidance is crucial of the persistence of classically conditioned anxiety by both preventing
and prematurely terminating exposure to the CS, thereby preventing extinction.
- There are mechanisms involved in the maintenance of anxiety, 1) Selective attention to
threat relevant stimuli, 2) Physiological arousal and 3) Safety seeking behaviours.
- Safety-seeking behaviours maintain anxiety by creating "near miss" feelings, e.g. the
catastrophe was only avoided due to safety behaviours. Avoidance of situation does the
same, "preventing" catastrophe by not facing the feared behaviour, these behaviours may
become habitual.
Method
- One group being allowed to use their safety behaviour and one isn’t. Hypothesis that those
not allowed to do safety behaviours would disconfirm their negative beliefs.
- Before session 1 diagnostic assessment self-rating questionnaires and standardized
behavioral walk.
- Session 1 Identify catastrophic cognitions and safety seeking behaviors. Agree details of
individualized behavior test. Then a 5 minute behavior test of rating anxiety and beliefs. After
that, 15 minutes experimental session, either ‘decrease safety-seeking behavior’ or ‘maintain
safety seeking behavior’, followed by a credibility rating.
- Session 2 (within next 2 days) repeat the 5 minute behavior test of rating anxiety and
beliefs. Also use self-rating questionnaires.
Results
- The experimental groups did not differ in anxiety and belief ratings prior to the experimental
manipulation, and that there was no difference between groups the expectation that the
particular version of the experimental task they undertook would decrease their anxiety
- At the second behavioural test patients in the decreased safety behaviours group
experienced significantly less anxiety and rated their belief in feared catastrophes as
significantly lower. There was also evidence of differential clinical improvement between
experimental groups as indicated by standardised clinical questionnaire scores.
Discussion
- In this experiment, it was found that a brief (15 min) period of exposure to an agoraphobic
situation during which the patient actively sought to decrease safety-seeking behaviours was
associated with substantially greater belief change and fear reduction than a comparable
period of exposure during which safety-seeking behaviours were maintained.
- Safety-seeking behaviour can be divided into three main categories: (i) avoidance of the
situations to prevent anticipated danger; (ii) escape from a situation when anxiety occurs;
and (iii) behaviours carried out within a situation with the intention of actively preventing the
feared catastrophe.
Article: The relation between Rumination, Avoidance and Depression in a non-clinical Sample
Authors: Michille L. Moulds, Eva Kandris, Susannah Starr and Amanda C.M. Wong
Introduction
, - The theoretical basis of BA is that depression is characterized by dysfunctional patterns of
avoidance, withdrawal and inactivity. Driven by this model, the emphasis of BA intervention
is on teaching clients strategies to counter their problematic behavioral patterns.
- Rumination is conceptualized as ‘ y an escape or avoidance behavior. Rumination similarly
functions to avoid active engagement with the environment, and to avoid engaging in active
problem solving.
- Rumination is potentially reinforced in two main ways; first, complaints about life
circumstances may be reinforced by others in the depressed person’s environment, and/or
second, by operating as an alternative to actively addressing problems, thereby avoiding
dealing with difficult circumstances and the distress that may be associated with doing so.
- The response styles theory of depression posits that the duration, severity and course of
depressive illness are a consequence of how one responds to depressive symptoms;
specifically, individuals who ruminate about the causes and implications of symptoms are
more likely to become depressed and remain depressed for longer.
- A recent development in the rumination field is the attempt to dismantle the rumination
construct in an attempt to specify the maladaptive component of this cognitive process.
- Treynor et al. (2003) proposed that the items that comprise the brooding factor index a
tendency toward moody pondering, while the reflection factor captures a tendency to
contemplate and reflect.
- The avoidance theory of worry contends that ‘the function of worry is to escape aversive
imagery’. By avoiding adverse imagery worry limits somatic and physiological arousal
associated with problem content. In anxiety, avoidance was linked to high behavioural
inhibition and behavioural activation.
- This article is to conduct a preliminary investigation of the association between rumination
and avoidance in a non clinical sample. Hypothesis: rumination will positively correlate with
cognitive subscales of the Cognitive Behavioural Avoidance Scale (CBAS), as well as
brooding and avoidance, and rumination and behavioural subscales of the CBAS.
Method
- A non-clinical sample (N = 104) of undergraduate students completed self-report measures
of depression, anxiety, rumination and avoidance.
Results/ discussion
- There were significant correlations between trait rumination, depression, and avoidance.
- This finding indicates that individuals who are more likely to engage in behavioral avoidance
are more likely to ruminate, and that this association is independent of anxiety. Avoidance
predicted unique variance in depression scores
- Brooding was correlated with all of the avoidance measures, while reflection was only
associated with Behavioral Social avoidance.
- Rumination was associated with behavioral social avoidance, behavioral nonsocial avoidance,
and cognitive nonsocial avoidance, but not with cognitive social avoidance
- The findings support the value of clinicians and psychopathologists giving consideration to
avoidance in their conceptualization of depression.
- Limitations: self-report measures, cross-sectional, validation of the CBAS in more samples is
required.
Article: Experimental Avoidance and Behavioural Disorders: a functional Dimensions Approach
to Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Steven C. Hayes, Kelly G. Wilson, ELizabeth V. Gifford, Victoria M. Follette and Krick
Stroshal
