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Summary Civil Rights in the USA Y319
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Summary tables for Civil Rights in the USA exam content. Organised thematically (political, social, economic) and contains all key content, facts and events
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African AmericansPolitical Social Economic
Reconstruction 1865-1877 Emancipation Enforcement Act 1870: Act Freedmen's Bureau 1865:
Proclamation 1863: Stated passed to end violence Government body aiming to
Black people were not towards African Americans and empower/support freed slaves.
property and they were free empower President to use Set up help to the homeless
to leave their masters military forces to protect and unemployed to provide the
13th Amendment 1865: African Americans basis for long term security.
Freed all slaves from their Ku Klux Klan: Terrorist Supported black self help
masters, giving African organisation advocating White groups to provide education for
Americans basic human Supremacy, reflected a tense black children/adults- teaching
rights eg- legalising racial atmosphere. Memphis, black lawyers, teachers and
plantation marriages, May 1866: 3 days of violence scientists. 1865-1866 Bureau
owning property, education, were 46 were killed and 5 spent $17 million on
travelling and free worship women raped. New Orleans, establishing 4000 schools and
14th Amendment 1866: July 1866: 34 killed and over 100 hospitals. Bureau closed
Recognised all people 100 injured. Klan left behind a 1872- showed North beginning
naturalised in the USA as burning cross. to lose interest
citizens, giving equal citizen Frederick Douglass: Became Land V Rights: During 1870s
rights and protection under active in the Anti-Slavery the black community showed
the law- only ratified by 11 Society and created his own signs of fragmentation- some
states anti-slavery newspaper. He influential blacks wanted equal
15th Amendment 1870: took part in many speaking rights but the mass of ordinary
Ensured African Americans tours and activated for Black people just wanted to own land
were able to vote, giving rights- substantial national Southern Homestead Act
citizens equal rights despite reputation 1862: Provided free land to
their race or colour Schools: People established settlers if they farmed it for five
Civil Rights Act 1875: schools for children in urban years, released 160 acre plots
Affirmed equality of all men areas by joining together to and intended to stimulate
before law, prohibited racial buy land and employ teachers. westward migration. By 1865:
discrimination in public Black tradesmen gave skill and 20,000 homesteaders had
places and made it a crime labour free of charge, young settled. However the land was
to deny accommodation or people could take advantage poor and the freedman lacked
service based on skin of the founding of black resources for development e.g.
colour colleges of higher education in seeds, tools and equipment so
Ulysses S Grant: Leading the North. By 1870 $1 million few farms survived long
Northern General in Civil had been spent on education enough for their first harvest.
War, became Commander- General Oliver Howard: Head Sharecropping: Former
in-Chief of the Union forces of Freedmen's Bureau 1865, plantation owners offered
1864, elected republican supported newly established wages, food and houses in
,President 1868 and did his colleges for African American return for African American
best to oversee equal rights education such as Fisk labour. Wages dwindled and
of former slaves University in Nashville and set many were only paid with a
Black Codes: Restricted up his own University in small portion of the crop.
Black people's rights to own Washington Landowners divided up their
property, conduct business, Literacy: In rural areas plantations into small
buy land and barred Black children were frequently tenancies 30-50 acres,
people from giving evidence intimidated by the KKK which freedman could rent farms and
against a white person in prevented them attending give half their crop to
court and serving juries school, 1977 80% of African landowners as rent- prices fell
Slaughterhouse Decision: Americans were still illiterate and sharecroppers in massive
Supreme Court decision Independent Black debt
that rights of citizens should Churches: African Americans Crop-Lien System:
stay under state control offered free worship so Sharecroppers in debt entered
instead of Federal control- churches became a vital base agreements with local
ruled 14th Amendment in helping equality- provided merchants who provided
protected individual rights moral/religious guidance and supplies on credit- they
but not state Civil Rights support, centre for campaign claimed crops as security. High
Grandfather Clauses: meetings and administrations. interest rates (50%) meaning
Stated African Americans First sense of self help and many sharecroppers were in
only withheld the right to community including social debt indefinitely. Freedmen
vote if they could trace their activities eg picnics and remained impoverished which
American descent for two gatherings meant they had no chance of
generations (excluded all independence, land ownership,
free slaves). Literacy tests or voting
and property requirements
were introduced to eliminate
black people from voting
BK Bruce: Escaped slavery
in the Civil War and became
a schoolteacher, opening
the first Black school in
Missouri 1864. Moved to
Mississippi 1869- entered
local politics and gained
Republican state support.
Elected as Senate 1874
(first black leader) and
served on a number of key
government committees
and improved many aspects
of black life
Political Involvement:
1865-1877 approximately
, 70 black teachers entered
politics, securing seats in
state legislatures
Gilded Age 1877-1915 De Bois: Niagara Jim Crow Laws: National Urban League: NUL
Movement: Founded by Du Segregational laws that was set up in 1911 to maintain
Bois and Monroe-Trotter developed rapidly 1887-1891 the welfare of African
who aimed to campaign the including in parks, shops, Americans in Northern cities,
restoration of voting rights playgrounds, cemeteries, campaigning against
and abolish all swimming pools, theatres, employment and housing
discrimination. It was never cinemas, hairdressers, waiting discrimination
likely to become a mass rooms, education and Black Businesses: AAs were
movement due to the marriage, which played on the able to create their own
academic approach and prejudicial feelings of poorer businesses, banking
lacked money/effective whites in Southern states companies and all black
organisation. It outlined Plessy V Ferguson: Court unions, in Georgia blacks built
clear principles of belief in case agreeing segregation was 1544 schools that educated
legal equality constitutional and implied more than 11,000 students and
NAACP: Du Bois founded segregation did not result in an AAs developed their own Ivy
the NAACP which was the inferior treatment, established League including Tuskegee,
first proper Civil RIghts ‘Separate but Equal’ doctrine, Howard and Hampton.
organisation, aimed to essentially deeming
investigate racism, publicise segregation was legal, paving
it and suggest positive the way for future
solutions, taking legal action bias/inequality
to enforce the law and Booker T Washington: Civil
constitution to ensure civil Rights activist who formed the
rights and equality, adopting Tuskegee Institute in 1881 to
a peaceful, constitutional give black people some skills,
approach to lawsuits (eg emphasis was on literacy,
Guinn v US) numerical and practical skills
Right to Vote: The right of rather than intellectual
black men to vote had been accomplishments, hoping this
systematically removed by would lead some to follow a
violence, literacy tests and more academic education
property requirements in the later. He gained the support of
south by state laws of president Roosevelt, and was
doubtful constitutional the main leader and
validity, it was extremely spokesman of the black race in
difficult to challenge white the USA. Despite
political domination Washington's efforts, the
educational gap between black
and white was widening, and
, he had a number of critics
suggesting he was hardly
providing the basis of future
black advances, his policy
accepted white supremacy in
society which one felt was
unacceptable and his paranoia
of criticism undermined his
effectiveness as a leader
Du Bois: Springfield Riot: A
violent attack on the black
community after rape
allegations by a black man, the
police refused to hand over the
accused man and the white
residents took their revenge by
attacking and burning black
homes and businesses. Du
Bois teamed up with African
American campaigners to form
the NAACP
Lynching: Lynching was
common between 1880-1910,
white mobs would take an
African American man and
submit him to beatings before
murdering him by hanging-
cases were rarely brought to
caught and white juries would
not convict, this created a
climate of fear
Ida B. Wells: campaigned
against discrimination in 1884,
she publicly opposed lynching
and challenged myths showing
that rape was often not the
cause of lynching and
questioned the idea of total
white innocence in alleged
rape, she published her
opinions in New York Age but
failed to gain presidential
backing or pass an anti-
lynching law
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