100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Philosophy of social science Summary €8,99   In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

Philosophy of social science Summary

 16 keer bekeken  0 keer verkocht

Full summary with additional readings and lecture notes Final grade: 9

Voorbeeld 3 van de 17  pagina's

  • Ja
  • 28 maart 2023
  • 17
  • 2022/2023
  • Samenvatting
book image

Titel boek:

Auteur(s):

  • Uitgave:
  • ISBN:
  • Druk:
Alle documenten voor dit vak (1)
avatar-seller
margheritatoselli
Philosophy of Social Science 2023
Risjord Book + Articles
- Lawton - De Vries - Dooremalen
- Metcalf - Okasha - Longino
- Smith II - Smith III - Bilgrami


CH 1
 What is it
- Normativity  concerns the place of values in social scientific inquiry
 Can social science be objective?  social policy/ethics
- Naturalism  relationship between the natural and the social sciences
 Follow natural science or unique methods?
- Reductionism  can social sciences be reduced to the sciences that make them
 Social sciences  psychology  biology  physics?
 Democratic peace
- Kant  elected government = people govern themselves  war bad, people die
 don’t go to war unless necessary  democracies do not go to war against each
other
- Philosophical questions bring to scientific research to respond to those questions
 Azande magic
- All humans have intellectual abilities  we simply don’t understand it  what is
rationality?
 Free rider problem
- Everyone benefits if the system changes  someone else can do it
 Classic liberal view  humans as autonomous choosers seeking best interest 
community is only possible when group benefits are also individual  why do
people follow norms against self-interest?
 Communitarians  humans as fundamentally social  what force do social
norms have?
 General philosophy
- Value theory  source and justification of values, rules and norms
- Epistemology  theory human knowledge  seeks true knowledge
- Metaphysics  questions on the fundamental characteristics of the world
 Ontology  philosophical domain of being  what it is to be
 Normativity
- Philosophical domain of the influence of norms and values
- The phenomenon in human societies of designating some actions or outcomes as
good, desirable, or permissible, and others as bad, undesirable, or impermissible 
questions the role of values and fact in societies and how we conceptualize them
 Value freedom  ethical and political values influence scientific research 
necessary?
 Social scientists are influenced by rules, norms and values  can we be
value free?

, Naturalism
- Whether and how do social sciences differ from natural sciences  naturalism
believes that social sciences should be like natural sciences  insider VS outsider
perspective
 Anti-naturalists  social sciences and natural sciences should be distinct in
method and theory  natural world and social world is not comparable
- Epistemological naturalism  concerns issues about theory, explanation and
method  can be acquired in a similar manner as the natural world
 Epistemological anti-naturalism  qualitative research (never used) ≠
quantitative research
- Metaphysical naturalists  humans are part of the world therefore they must be
understood in the terms of the same causes and mechanisms that animate all
other creatures
 Metaphysical anti-naturalism  humans and human societies are distinctive in
some deep way  cannot be understood in the same way
 Descartes considered the human mind of a non-physical substance
 Reductionism
- Hierarchy of sciences  reduction as a relationship between theories
- Epistemological reductionism  theories at one level can be replace by theories at
a lower level
 Methodological individualism  the requirement that social theories must
explain social events in terms of the choices, beliefs, and attitudes of individual
people  epistemologically reductionist thesis  often a mix of metaphysical
and epistemological considerations
- Metaphysical reductionism  things at one level are nothing but objects at another
 minds don’t exist, only brains
 Anti-reductionism  accepted metaphysical reductionism but do not think that
theories of the social sciences could be replaced by psychology
 All reductionists are naturalists  metaphysical naturalists



Lawton
- Reality check  all is not well with science
 Fraud
 Questionable research practices
 Bias, sloppiness
 Failing peer review
 Replication crisis
 Bad incentives for researchers




Metcalf/Klein – Polarization

, - Klein  caused by innated instincts  ingroup VS outgroup thinking causes
division
- Metcalf  criticizes lack of focus on people’s beliefs and desires  all about
unconscious tendencies that supposedly explain polarization
 To explain human behavior we shouldn’t exclude agency and reasons  people
actively polarize
 Insider VS outsider perspective


Smith II (Lec 2)
 Logical positivism
- 20th century Vienna group  development of a strictly scientific worldview 
describe the world as it is in itself
- Creation of an ideal scientific language  no speculative philosophy
 Strictly empirical
- Analytic VS synthetic statements
 Analytic  true just on the basis of the meaning of the words  all bachelors
are single
 Synthetic  made true/false based on what the world is actually like  needs
further investigation
 Empirical sciences are concerned with synthetic statements
- Precise language of science
 Gate-keeping  statements that are firmly based on empirical observation
belong in the language of science
 Verifiability criterion of meaning  meaning of synthetic statement is in its
method of verification
- Inductive method  from observations to general theories and empirical
regularities/laws  let the data speak for itself
- Behaviorism  how individuals respond to various stimuli or conditions in ways
that maximize rewards and minimize punishment
 Exclusive focus on observable behavior  nothing about internal cognition 
unobservable and unverifiable
 Thinking in terms of prediction and control
 Popper (Lec 3)
- Fallibility and tentativeness of human knowledge  dogmatic VS critical thinking
 Critical thinking  learning from mistakes
- Problem of induction  reasoning from individual observations to general
conclusions is logically invalid
 Induction can never completely support general scientific laws and theories
- Falsification rather than verification  set of procedures for scrutinizing existing
knowledge claims
 Focus on the refutation rather than the confirmation of the hypothesis
 Science is about formulating theories/conjectures in such a way that they
can be falsified by empirical observations
 Theories must then be tested rigorously  attempted refutations
 We accept those theories that have survived testing (so far)

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper margheritatoselli. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €8,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 83662 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€8,99
  • (0)
  Kopen