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InhoudModule 8.1 Rhythms of walking and sleeping ___________________________________________ 5
Endogenous rhythms_____________________________________________________________ 5
Setting and resetting the biological clock _____________________________________________ 5
Jet lag _______________________________________________________________________ 5
Shift work ___________________________________________________________________ 5
Morning people and evening people ______________________________________________ 5
Mechanisms of the biological clock__________________________________________________ 5
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)________________________________________________ 5
How lights resets the SCN _______________________________________________________ 6
The biochemistry of the circadian rhythm __________________________________________ 6
Melatonin ___________________________________________________________________ 6
Module 8.2 stages of sleep and brain mechanisms _______________________________________ 6
Sleep and other interruptions of consciousness ________________________________________ 6
Early stages of sleep _____________________________________________________________ 6
Paradoxical or REM sleep _________________________________________________________ 6
Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal and sleep ___________________________________ 7
Brain structures of arousal and attention ___________________________________________ 7
Sleep and inhibition of brain activity_______________________________________________ 7
Brain activity in REM sleep ________________________________________________________ 7
Sleep disorders _________________________________________________________________ 7
Sleep apnea __________________________________________________________________ 8
Narcolepsy ___________________________________________________________________ 8
Periodic limb movement disorder _________________________________________________ 8
REM behavior disorder _________________________________________________________ 8
Night terrors and sleepwalking ___________________________________________________ 8
Module 8.3 Why sleep? Why REM? Why dreams? ________________________________________ 8
Functions of sleep _______________________________________________________________ 8
Sleep and energy conservation ___________________________________________________ 8
Hibernation __________________________________________________________________ 8
Species differences in sleep _____________________________________________________ 9
Sleep and memory_____________________________________________________________ 9
Functions of REM sleep ___________________________________________________________ 9
Biological perspectives on dreaming_________________________________________________ 9
The activation-synthesis hypothesis _______________________________________________ 9
, The neurocognitive hypothesis ___________________________________________________ 9
Module 10.1 Sex an Hormones ______________________________________________________ 10
Organizing the effects of sex hormones _____________________________________________ 10
Sex difference in the brain _____________________________________________________ 11
Sex differences in play _________________________________________________________ 12
Activating effects of sex hormones _________________________________________________ 12
Males ______________________________________________________________________ 12
Females ____________________________________________________________________ 12
Effects of sex hormones on nonsexual characteristics __________________________________ 13
Parental behavior ______________________________________________________________ 13
Module 10.2 Variations in sexual behaviors ____________________________________________ 14
Evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior ______________________________________ 14
Interest in multiple mates ______________________________________________________ 14
What men and woman seek in a mate ____________________________________________ 14
Differences in jealousy ________________________________________________________ 14
Evolved or learned____________________________________________________________ 15
Gender identity and gender-differentiated behaviors __________________________________ 15
Intersexes __________________________________________________________________ 15
Interest and preferences of girls with CAH _________________________________________ 15
Testicular feminization ________________________________________________________ 15
Issues of gender assignment and rearing __________________________________________ 15
Discrepancies of sexual appearance ______________________________________________ 16
Sexual orientation ______________________________________________________________ 16
Behavioral and anatomical differences ____________________________________________ 16
Genetics ____________________________________________________________________ 16
An evolutionary question ______________________________________________________ 17
Prenatal influences ___________________________________________________________ 17
Brain anatomy _______________________________________________________________ 17
Module 11.1 What is emotion? ______________________________________________________ 18
Emotion and autonomic arousal ___________________________________________________ 18
Is physiological arousal necessary for emotional feelings _____________________________ 18
Is physiological arousal sufficient for emotions _____________________________________ 18
Is an emotion a useful concept __________________________________________________ 19
Do people have a few basic emotions? ______________________________________________ 19
The functions of emotion ________________________________________________________ 19
Emotions and moral decisions ____________________________________________________ 19
,Module 11.2 Attack and Escape Behaviors _____________________________________________ 20
Attack behaviors _______________________________________________________________ 20
Heredity and environment in violence ____________________________________________ 20
Hormonal effect _____________________________________________________________ 20
Serotonin synapses and aggressive behavior _______________________________________ 20
Testosterone, serotonin and cortisol _____________________________________________ 20
Fear and anxiety _______________________________________________________________ 21
The role of the amygdala in rodents ______________________________________________ 21
Studies of the amygdala in monkeys ______________________________________________ 21
Response of the human amygdala to visual stimuli __________________________________ 21
Individual differences in amygdala response and anxiety _____________________________ 21
Damage to the human amygdala ________________________________________________ 22
Anxiety disorders _______________________________________________________________ 22
Relief from anxiety _____________________________________________________________ 22
Pharmacological relief _________________________________________________________ 22
Alcohol and anxiety ___________________________________________________________ 23
Module 13.3 Making Decisions and Social Neuroscience __________________________________ 23
Perceptual decisions ____________________________________________________________ 23
Decisions based on values ________________________________________________________ 23
The biology of love _____________________________________________________________ 24
Module 14.2 Mood Disorders _______________________________________________________ 24
Major depressive disorder _______________________________________________________ 24
Genetics ____________________________________________________________________ 24
Abnormalities of hemispheric dominance _________________________________________ 24
Antidepressant drugs ___________________________________________________________ 25
Types of antidepressants_______________________________________________________ 25
How are antidepressants effective? ______________________________________________ 25
How effective are antidepressants? ______________________________________________ 25
Alternatives to antidepressant drugs _____________________________________________ 25
Exercise and diet _____________________________________________________________ 26
Bipolar disorder ________________________________________________________________ 26
Treatments _________________________________________________________________ 26
Module 14.3 Schizophrenia _________________________________________________________ 26
Diagnoses ____________________________________________________________________ 26
Differential diagnoses of schizophrenia ___________________________________________ 27
Demographic data ____________________________________________________________ 27
, Genetics ______________________________________________________________________ 27
Family studies _______________________________________________________________ 27
Adopted children who develop schizophrenia ______________________________________ 27
Efforts to locate a gene ________________________________________________________ 27
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis _______________________________________________ 28
Prenatal and neonatal environment ______________________________________________ 28
Mild brain abnormalities _______________________________________________________ 28
Long term course_____________________________________________________________ 28
Early development and later psychopathology______________________________________ 28
Treatments ___________________________________________________________________ 29
Antipsychotic drugs and dopamine _______________________________________________ 29
Second generation antipsychotic drugs ___________________________________________ 29
Role of glutamine ____________________________________________________________ 29
What is stress? __________________________________________________________________ 30
The stress response _____________________________________________________________ 30
Sources of stress _______________________________________________________________ 30
What are the biological and social correlates of stress? ___________________________________ 30
Stress and the amygdala _________________________________________________________ 30
Stress, the sympathetic adrenal-medullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. 31
Gender differences in the stress response ___________________________________________ 31
Socioeconomical status and stress _________________________________________________ 31
Epigenetics of stress ____________________________________________________________ 31
How does stress affect our health? ___________________________________________________ 31
Stress and immune system _______________________________________________________ 31
Stress and heart disease _________________________________________________________ 31
Stress, mood, sleep, obesity ______________________________________________________ 32
An integrated view of stress and health _____________________________________________ 32
What is the relationship between psychology and health _________________________________ 32
Behavior and health ____________________________________________________________ 32
Tobacco use _________________________________________________________________ 32
nutrition____________________________________________________________________ 32
alcohol _____________________________________________________________________ 33
Exercise ____________________________________________________________________ 33
Loneliness and health _________________________________________________________ 33
Culture and health ______________________________________________________________ 33
An integrated understanding of health behaviors _____________________________________ 33
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