Samenvatting
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Old English● 50 BC - 400 AD Romans
● Great migration
The Romans needed land desperately. Because of the cold, they walked from Scandinavia
to the north of Germany, and through Friesland to Britain, only looking for fertile land.
●400 AD Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians:
Angles - connection Denmark and Germany
Saxons - Germanic tribes living at the German coast 445
Jutes - Originated from Jutland (Denmark) and the North-Frisian coast
Frisians – Germanic tribes, originating from North-West Germany and the Netherlandic coast ● Lots
of kingdoms
● Patriarchal society
● Lots of gods
● Germanic language, topics and setting
Topics: bravery, loyalty and heroism
Settings: Germany, woods, castles and the sea.
West Germanic - English, German, Dutch
North Germanic - Danish, Swedish
East Germanic - Now extinct
● Futhork script
Beowulf - Anonymous
● Composed around 700 AD
● Set in around 500 AD in Denmark
● 3182 long lines in Old English
● Anonymous
● Heroic/epic poem (about heroes)
● No rhyme, no set rhythm
● Do what you are supposed to do
● 3182 lines, 2 Parts
Beowulf part 1
● Hrothgar king of the Danes, lives in Heorot, a longhouse/meadhall (building where
feasts are held)
● Hero Beowulf, prince of the Geats (in Sweden)
● Monster Grendel, impervious to swords
● Beowulf kills monster by ripping off his arm
● Grendel flees to his home in a lake (dies there, not immediately)
● Grendel’s mother takes revenge
● Beowulf kills mother with a magical sword in the lake where she lives
,Beowulf part 2
● Beowulf is old and king of Geatland
● Someone disturbs a barrow (grafheuvel), where a dragon guards a treasure
● Beowulf’s comitatus (group of “elite” soldiers) fails to kill the dragon
● Beowulf and Wyglaf (kinsman (= close relative)) kill the dragon
● Beowulf dies, overmod (takes too much risk)
Beowulf themes
● Genre: Alliterative verse
Elegy = klaagzang
● Heroes / heroic code
○ Men : strength, courage, loyalty in warriors
○ Women : ceremoniousness
○ Everyone : good reputation
● Battles
● Honour / loyalty
● Glory
● Courage
● Belief in supernatural beings
● Hospitality, generosity, and political skills for kings
● Exeter, a book of old english poetry
Old English riddles
● Variation in material for scops (Anglo-Saxon minstrel (someone who travels and
sings riddles for entertainment))
Christianity
● 597 St Augustine sent by Pope to christen the English
○ (Canterbury Cathedral)
○ (founder of the Church of England;
○ king Æthelberth convert to Christians;
○ At Christmas Day 597 thousands of people were baptized)
● Monasteries, Lindisfarne and Whitby
○ Gaelic: Le’n Dis Fearam land with god
○ Whitby:
■ is north “yotia”, knowledge centre, poet Caedman
■ James Cook lived in Whitby, explorer. Bram Stoker wrote Dracula
there.
■ N.E of England
■ Also called holy island(it’s an island)
■ Famous: lindisfarne evangelianium book is now British library
● Roman alphabet
○ Came from Rome to England
● Famous: lindesfarne evangelianium book is now in the British library
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
● History of the Anglo Saxons
, ● Started around 800, updated to 1154
● From the 5th century, the Anglo Saxons lived in Britain (Migration Period /
Völkerwanderung)
○ Language: Scholarly
○ Culture: Buildings/graves were illuminated
○ Symbolic: Tribal, Lordship ties
● Seen as pagan people, British people didn’t like them that much
Vikings 800 AD
● Population growth in Sweden and Norway leads to need for raids
● Raids on coasts as far as Morocco and Egypt
● Raids on Lindesfarne
● Slaughtered the monks and stole treasures
Danelaw
● Alfred the great (849-899)
○ 886 negotiated with the danelaw for a peace
○ Was king of the southern Anglo Saxon kingdom of Wessex
○ Social and educational reformed
○ Military successes against the Danes
○ Son of Aethelwulf (King of the West Saxons)
○ Advocated justice and order
○ Established a code of laws
○ Reformed coinage
○ Arranged translation of books (Latin -> Anglo Saxon)
○ Reformed education
Exeter book of old English poems
● Also known as the codex Exoniensis
● Book about Anglo-Saxon poetry
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