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Summary Important aspects per chapter Clinical Neuropsychology
- Instelling
- Universiteit Leiden (UL)
This document contains the most important aspects of each chapter for the specialisation course Clinical Neuropsychology
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TentamentestsChapter 1
1. Cell theory means that humans have a higher-order soul that is located in three cells
(ventricles) of the brain
2. Gall tested his views by investigated patients post-mortem, and he related brain
damage to the behavior they exhibited
3. Luria saw the brain as a system in which each sub-area makes its own contribution to
a general function, whereby the theory was holistic, but also connected to the
localizationists
4. The nodes communicate with each other through specific electrical reactions that
occur after a certain value is exceeded. This represents in computer models that
simulate cognitive functions, but are not common with cognitive functions in the
brain
Chapter 2
1. Diagnostic cycle: complaints analysis, problem analysis, diagnosis, indication for
treatment
2. B
3. The extent to which the score on number series really says something about the
working memory, the reaction time compared to cognitive impairment and the
extend to which the test measures what is appears to measure at first sight al relate
to validity
4. Disturbance factors are factors like barely sleeping and nervousness before a test
Chapter 3
1. Clinical neuropsychological research looks at the impairments and the course of a
disorder; fundamental research is concerned with understanding the disorder and
related brain structures
2. Longitudinal research measures over several years
3. A single-case study only looks into one single case
4. Control tests are used to see if there is a specific effect on function X after treatment
5. The test-retest effect occurs when the patient scores better on a test due to
familiarity with the instructions and the situation
Chapter 4
1. CT scan works through the transmission of X-rays
2. Functional imaging shows which areas are active, structural imaging not
3. With fMRI, hemoglobin is used as a natural contrast fluid
Chapter 5
1. Positive residual symptoms is learning to handle your symptoms
2. A lack of progress is called neurological end state
3. Plasticity is a lifelong process, the degree of plasticity depends on the stage of
development and the ‘double hazard hypothesis’ is supported (younger children who
suffer serious injuries have the worst prognosis
4. State dependent learning means that learning depends on the context in which the
learning takes place
5. Skill training is an example of training that belongs to the compensatory model
Chapter 6
, 1. In processing sensory information, all primary sensory areas are modality specific, the
primary visual cortex is at the center of the occipital lobe and face recognition falls
under the primary visual area (V1)
2. The where route in involved in visually-spatial processing and location of objects; the
what route is involved in the recognition of object and the processing of color, shape
and texture (where, dorsal, parietal and what, ventral, temporal)
3. Only seeing pale tones due to a lesion is called achromatopsia
4. Prosopagnosia is often the result of a bilateral lesion in the occipital-temporal region,
the fusiform face area plays an important role in prosopagnosia and prosopagnosia is
a higher-order visual disorder
5. According to the Bruce and Young model, after activating the face recognition unit
(FRU), the person identity node (PIN) is activated, after which the person’s name can
be retrieved
Chapter 7
1. Spatial memory consists of the subdomains learning and remembering routes, the
spatial working memory and the memory for object locations
2. With unilateral neglect due to damage in the left hemisphere, people only draw half
of an object
3. Extinction is when someone can recognise one figure being presented, but not when
several figures are presented
4. Anterograde disorientation is when someone can still remember information from
long age, but not relatively new information
5. The balint-holmes syndrome makes the world appear to be a chaotic collection of
single objects for patients, there is simultanagnosia, oculomotor apraxia and optical
ataxia and there is bilateral damage to the occipital-parietal area
Chapter 8
1. The long-term memory consist of declarative (sematic and episodic) and procedural
(skills& habits, priming, classical conditioning and non-associative learning)
2. The implicit memory means that someone has difficulty recalling events, but can still
do procedures learned a long time ago
3. How well the information is stored, the retention interval and the type of test
determine how well information can be remembered later
4. The faster recognition of a word when a concept related to the word has just been
shown is a process part of the non-declarative long-term memory
5. Amnestic syndrome occurs if the patient has both anterograde and retrograde
amnesia
6. Sometimes epilepsy is the cause of transient global amnesia (TGA), this is called
transient epileptic amnesia (TEA)
Chapter 9
1. The mental lexicon holds attributes related to meaning, grammatical attributes, and
characteristics relating to form
2. The form of automatic speech where someone keeps saying ‘I don’t know’ and ‘how
do you say that’ etc is called stereotype
3. Agrammatism is a form of a sentence construction problem where someone only
uses sentences without the correct inflectional structure as a result of brain damage
4. Broca’s aphasia is when the concept of language is intact, but speech and articulation
are impaired
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