I offer you nice and precise notes which focus on relevant things and make the topic. It focuses on the first year and is the 4th Block with all the weeks summarized. I added bullet points and relevant headings to make the opic easy. Its way shorter than reading all the literature and makes studyin...
Neurons → form nerves
carry information to brain and respond
86 billion neurons
Nervous system covered by connective tissue
subarachnoid space: fluid filled→ cushion brain
cerebrospinal fluid: clear fluid→ blood plasma
Cranial Nerves
General definition: connected from the brain – they control vital reflexes
Central Nervous system:
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: (PNS)
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia
efferent: carry away to other parts (muscles/glands)
afferent: sensory activated by external stimuli → axon directed towards Cns to
convey sensory information
cranial nerves: peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain-parasymphatetic
1. Sympathetic Nervous System:
Location: ganglia in lumbar (lower back) & thoracic (chest) regions of spinal cord
Function: prepares the body for action, arousal, stress
Expends energy
Phrase: “fight or flight” response
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System:
Location: nerves in brain &sacral (lower back) region
Function: calms the body – both psychologically & physiologically
Conserves energy
Phrase: “rest & digest”
,Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): reflex loop, involuntary internal environment
symphatetic: higher heart rate, stress response
→ expenditure of energy from reserves
parasymphatetic: increase blood flow, poop, nap
→ psychological relaxation, conserves energy -rest and digest
Somatic nervous system: receive sensory information and control movements
Neurons: cell that transmits information in the brain
Structure of a neuron (Take-home assignment on Canvas)
A: dendites
B: nucleus
C: cell body
D: axon
E: branches
F: presynaptic terminals
Dendrites → Collection of information from other neurons
Cell body → Integration of incoming information and generation of outgoing signal to the
axon
Axon → Passing the signal over long distances
,Axon branches → Passing the signal in different directions
Terminal buttons/terminals → Here the signal is passed to the dendrites of other neurons or
other cells
Nucleus → Location of DNA (the genetic information)
Myelin Sheath: fatty insulating material that allows action potential – protects the
axon & speeds up the transmission of the input
Extra Question: Is regenerative power only found in schwann’s cells?
So, less regenerative power for the CNS?
located Spinal cord
axon much longer
types of nerons:
sensory neurons: from senses to brain -afferent; carry msgs from sensory receptors (eg.
touch) to CNS/PNS
motor neurons: from brain to muscles/glands- efferent
3. Interneurons/Relays: connect sensory neurons and motor neurons
efferent: carry information towards the CNS
afferent: carry information away from the CNS
Synapse: contact to next neuron
Membrane potential → voltage differential
inactive 70
Ion channels→ more than 300 different
Action potential→ Iron channel open
inside positive, outside negative
Sodium Potasium pump
billions of neurons make sense of information
neurons develop dendrites and axons and establish synaptic connections
Dendrite: collection of information from other neurons
nucleus: location of DNA
soma: integration of incoming information and generate outgoing signals to axon
axon: pass signals over long distances
, axon terminal/button: pass signals to other neurons/cell
Early development of the brain:
neural tube forms when embryo is about 2-3 weeks
after 11 weeks→ expanding Cerebral cortex
Telencephalon→ Cerebrum
Brainstem: Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon not Cerebellum
Cerebellum:
Body control
receives visual, auditory, somatosensory information
coordinating and smoothing effects on movements
Pons
sleep and arousal
information from cerebral cortex to Cerebellum
Medulla oblangata:
regulation cardiovascular system
control movements
Thalamus:
sorts data
most neural input into cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus:
controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine
organize behaviour→ feeding, fleeing, mating, fight
produce hormones
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