SAMENVATTING
HONGREN’S COST
ACCOUNTING 17E DRUK
Finance and control
, Wessel de Boer
1
,Table of contents
CHAPTER 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO COST TERMS AND PURPOSES...................................................................5
2.1 COSTS AND COST TERMINOLOGY..........................................................................................................................5
2.2 DIRECT COST AND INDIRECT COSTS.......................................................................................................................5
2.3 COST BEHAVIOR PATTERNS: VARIABLE COSTS AND FIXED COSTS.................................................................................6
2.3.2 Cost drivers.............................................................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Relevant range.......................................................................................................................................6
2.4 TOTAL COSTS AND UNIT COSTS............................................................................................................................7
2.5 BUSINESS SECTORS, TYPES OF INVENTORY, INVENTORIABLE COSTS AND PERIOD COSTS....................................................7
2.5.1 manufacturing-, merchandising, and service-sector companies...........................................................7
2.5.2 Types of inventory..................................................................................................................................7
2.5.3 Commonly used classifications of manufacturing costs.........................................................................8
2.5.4 Inventoriable costs.................................................................................................................................8
2.5.5 Period costs............................................................................................................................................8
2.6 ILLUSTRATING FLOW OF INVENTORIABLE COSTS AND PERIOD COSTS.............................................................................9
2.6.1 Prime costs and conversion costs...........................................................................................................9
2.7 MEASURING COSTS REQUIRES JUDGMENT............................................................................................................10
2.7.1 Different meanings of product costs....................................................................................................10
2.8 A FRAMEWORK FOR COST ACCOUNTING AND COST MANAGEMENT...........................................................................10
CHAPTER 6 MASTER BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING................................................................11
6.1 BUDGETS AND THE BUDGETING CYCLE.................................................................................................................11
6.1.1 Strategic plans and operating plans.....................................................................................................11
6.1.2 budgeting cycle and master budget.....................................................................................................11
6.2 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF IMPLANTING BUDGETS......................................................................................12
6.2.1 challenges in administrating budgets..................................................................................................12
6.3 DEVELOPING AN OPERATING BUDGET..................................................................................................................12
6.3.1 Steps in preparing an operating budget..............................................................................................12
6.4 BUDGETING AND RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING.....................................................................................................13
6.4.1 organization structure and responsibility............................................................................................13
6.4.2 Feedback...............................................................................................................................................13
6.4.3 responsibility and controllability..........................................................................................................13
6.5 Human aspects of budgeting..................................................................................................................14
6.5.1 Budgetary slack....................................................................................................................................14
6.5.2 Stretch targets......................................................................................................................................14
6.6 budgeting in multinational companies....................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 16 ALLOCATION OF SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS COSTS, COMMON COSTS, AND REVENUES...............15
16.1 ALLOCATING SUPPORT DEPARTMENT COST USING THE SINGLE-RATE AND DUAL-RATE METHODS....................................15
16.1.1 Single rate and dual rate....................................................................................................................15
16.1.2 Allocation based on the supply of capacity........................................................................................15
16.1.3 Advantage and disadvantage of single rate method.........................................................................15
16.1.4 Advantage and disadvantage of dual rate method...........................................................................15
16.2 ALLOCATING COSTS OF MULTIPLE SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS....................................................................................16
16.2.1 Direct method.....................................................................................................................................16
16.2.2 Step-down method.............................................................................................................................16
16.2.3 Reciprocal method..............................................................................................................................16
6.4 ALLOCATING COMMON COSTS...........................................................................................................................17
6.4.1 Stand alone cost-allocation method....................................................................................................17
6.4.2 Incremental cost allocation method.....................................................................................................17
6.6 BUNDLED PRODUCTS AND REVENUE ALLOCATION METHODS....................................................................................17
6.6.1 stand-alone revenue-allocation method..............................................................................................17
2
, 6.6.2 Incremental revenue-allocation method..............................................................................................17
CHAPTER 7 FLEXIBLE BUDGETS, DIRECT-COST VARIANCES, AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL...........................18
7.1 STATIC BUDGETS AND VARIANCES.......................................................................................................................18
7.1.1 static budgets and static-budget variances.........................................................................................18
7.2 FLEXIBLE BUDGETS..........................................................................................................................................19
7.3 FLEXIBLE-BUDGET VARIANCES AND SALES-VOLUME VARIANCES.................................................................................19
7.5 PRICE VARIANCE AND EFFICIENCY VARIANCES FOR DIRECT-COST INPUTS.....................................................................20
CHAPTER 8 FLEXIBLE BUDGETS, OVERHEAD COSTS VARIANCE AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL......................21
8.1 PLANNING OF VARIABLE AND FIXED OVERHEAD COSTS............................................................................................21
8.1.1 planning variable overhead costs.........................................................................................................21
8.2.1 Planning fixed overhead costs..............................................................................................................21
8.2 STANDARD COSTING........................................................................................................................................21
8.2.1 Developing budgeted variable overhead rates....................................................................................21
8.2.2 Developing budgeted fixed overhead rates.........................................................................................22
8.3 VARIABLE OVERHEAD COSTS VARIANCES..............................................................................................................22
8.3.1 Flexible-budget Analysis.......................................................................................................................22
8.3.2 Variable overhead efficiency variance.................................................................................................22
8.3.3 Variable overhead spending variance..................................................................................................22
8.4 FIXED OVERHEAD COST VARIANCES.....................................................................................................................23
8.4.1 Production-volume variance................................................................................................................23
8.5 INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD COST VARIANCES..........................................................................................24
CHAPTER 15 COST ALLOCATION, CUSTOMER-PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS, AND SALES-VARIANCE ANALYSIS.....25
15.6 SALES VARIANCES.........................................................................................................................................25
15.6.1 Static-budget variance.......................................................................................................................25
15.6.2 Sales volume variance........................................................................................................................25
15.6.3 Sales mix variance..............................................................................................................................25
15.6.4 Sales-quantity variance......................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 13 STRATEGY, BALANCED SCORECARD, AND STRATEGIC PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS........................26
13.1 WHAT IS STRATEGY?.....................................................................................................................................26
13.2 STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND THE BALANCED SCORECARD...............................................................................26
13.2.1 the balanced scorecard......................................................................................................................26
13.2.2 Strategy maps and the balanced scorecard.......................................................................................27
13.2.3 Features of a good balanced scorecard.............................................................................................27
CHAPTER H24 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT, COMPENSATION, AND MULTINATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.29
24.1 FINANCIAL AND NON-FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES...................................................................................29
24.2 ACCOUNTING-BASED MEASURES FOR BUSINESS UNITS..........................................................................................29
24.2.1 Return on Investment (ROI)................................................................................................................29
24.2.2 Residual income (RI)...........................................................................................................................30
24.2.3 Economic value added (EVA)..............................................................................................................30
24.2.4 Return on Sales (ROS).........................................................................................................................30
24.3 CHOOSING THE DETAILS OF THE PERFORMANCE MEASURES...................................................................................30
24.3.1 Alternative time Horizons...................................................................................................................30
24.3.2 Alternative definitions of investment.................................................................................................30
24.4 TARGET LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE AND FEEDBACK...............................................................................................30
24.4.1 Choosing target levels of performance..............................................................................................31
24.4.2 Choosing the timing of feedback........................................................................................................31
24.6 DISTINGUISHING THE PERFORMANCE MANAGERS FROM THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR SUBUNITS..................................31
24.6.1 The basic tradeoff: creating incentives versus imposing risk.............................................................31
CHAPTER 5 ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AND ACTIVITY-BASED MANAGEMENT................................................32
5.1 BROAD AVERAGING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES........................................................................................................32
5.1.1 Under costing and over costing............................................................................................................32
3
HONGREN’S COST
ACCOUNTING 17E DRUK
Finance and control
, Wessel de Boer
1
,Table of contents
CHAPTER 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO COST TERMS AND PURPOSES...................................................................5
2.1 COSTS AND COST TERMINOLOGY..........................................................................................................................5
2.2 DIRECT COST AND INDIRECT COSTS.......................................................................................................................5
2.3 COST BEHAVIOR PATTERNS: VARIABLE COSTS AND FIXED COSTS.................................................................................6
2.3.2 Cost drivers.............................................................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Relevant range.......................................................................................................................................6
2.4 TOTAL COSTS AND UNIT COSTS............................................................................................................................7
2.5 BUSINESS SECTORS, TYPES OF INVENTORY, INVENTORIABLE COSTS AND PERIOD COSTS....................................................7
2.5.1 manufacturing-, merchandising, and service-sector companies...........................................................7
2.5.2 Types of inventory..................................................................................................................................7
2.5.3 Commonly used classifications of manufacturing costs.........................................................................8
2.5.4 Inventoriable costs.................................................................................................................................8
2.5.5 Period costs............................................................................................................................................8
2.6 ILLUSTRATING FLOW OF INVENTORIABLE COSTS AND PERIOD COSTS.............................................................................9
2.6.1 Prime costs and conversion costs...........................................................................................................9
2.7 MEASURING COSTS REQUIRES JUDGMENT............................................................................................................10
2.7.1 Different meanings of product costs....................................................................................................10
2.8 A FRAMEWORK FOR COST ACCOUNTING AND COST MANAGEMENT...........................................................................10
CHAPTER 6 MASTER BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING................................................................11
6.1 BUDGETS AND THE BUDGETING CYCLE.................................................................................................................11
6.1.1 Strategic plans and operating plans.....................................................................................................11
6.1.2 budgeting cycle and master budget.....................................................................................................11
6.2 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF IMPLANTING BUDGETS......................................................................................12
6.2.1 challenges in administrating budgets..................................................................................................12
6.3 DEVELOPING AN OPERATING BUDGET..................................................................................................................12
6.3.1 Steps in preparing an operating budget..............................................................................................12
6.4 BUDGETING AND RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING.....................................................................................................13
6.4.1 organization structure and responsibility............................................................................................13
6.4.2 Feedback...............................................................................................................................................13
6.4.3 responsibility and controllability..........................................................................................................13
6.5 Human aspects of budgeting..................................................................................................................14
6.5.1 Budgetary slack....................................................................................................................................14
6.5.2 Stretch targets......................................................................................................................................14
6.6 budgeting in multinational companies....................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 16 ALLOCATION OF SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS COSTS, COMMON COSTS, AND REVENUES...............15
16.1 ALLOCATING SUPPORT DEPARTMENT COST USING THE SINGLE-RATE AND DUAL-RATE METHODS....................................15
16.1.1 Single rate and dual rate....................................................................................................................15
16.1.2 Allocation based on the supply of capacity........................................................................................15
16.1.3 Advantage and disadvantage of single rate method.........................................................................15
16.1.4 Advantage and disadvantage of dual rate method...........................................................................15
16.2 ALLOCATING COSTS OF MULTIPLE SUPPORT DEPARTMENTS....................................................................................16
16.2.1 Direct method.....................................................................................................................................16
16.2.2 Step-down method.............................................................................................................................16
16.2.3 Reciprocal method..............................................................................................................................16
6.4 ALLOCATING COMMON COSTS...........................................................................................................................17
6.4.1 Stand alone cost-allocation method....................................................................................................17
6.4.2 Incremental cost allocation method.....................................................................................................17
6.6 BUNDLED PRODUCTS AND REVENUE ALLOCATION METHODS....................................................................................17
6.6.1 stand-alone revenue-allocation method..............................................................................................17
2
, 6.6.2 Incremental revenue-allocation method..............................................................................................17
CHAPTER 7 FLEXIBLE BUDGETS, DIRECT-COST VARIANCES, AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL...........................18
7.1 STATIC BUDGETS AND VARIANCES.......................................................................................................................18
7.1.1 static budgets and static-budget variances.........................................................................................18
7.2 FLEXIBLE BUDGETS..........................................................................................................................................19
7.3 FLEXIBLE-BUDGET VARIANCES AND SALES-VOLUME VARIANCES.................................................................................19
7.5 PRICE VARIANCE AND EFFICIENCY VARIANCES FOR DIRECT-COST INPUTS.....................................................................20
CHAPTER 8 FLEXIBLE BUDGETS, OVERHEAD COSTS VARIANCE AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL......................21
8.1 PLANNING OF VARIABLE AND FIXED OVERHEAD COSTS............................................................................................21
8.1.1 planning variable overhead costs.........................................................................................................21
8.2.1 Planning fixed overhead costs..............................................................................................................21
8.2 STANDARD COSTING........................................................................................................................................21
8.2.1 Developing budgeted variable overhead rates....................................................................................21
8.2.2 Developing budgeted fixed overhead rates.........................................................................................22
8.3 VARIABLE OVERHEAD COSTS VARIANCES..............................................................................................................22
8.3.1 Flexible-budget Analysis.......................................................................................................................22
8.3.2 Variable overhead efficiency variance.................................................................................................22
8.3.3 Variable overhead spending variance..................................................................................................22
8.4 FIXED OVERHEAD COST VARIANCES.....................................................................................................................23
8.4.1 Production-volume variance................................................................................................................23
8.5 INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD COST VARIANCES..........................................................................................24
CHAPTER 15 COST ALLOCATION, CUSTOMER-PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS, AND SALES-VARIANCE ANALYSIS.....25
15.6 SALES VARIANCES.........................................................................................................................................25
15.6.1 Static-budget variance.......................................................................................................................25
15.6.2 Sales volume variance........................................................................................................................25
15.6.3 Sales mix variance..............................................................................................................................25
15.6.4 Sales-quantity variance......................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 13 STRATEGY, BALANCED SCORECARD, AND STRATEGIC PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS........................26
13.1 WHAT IS STRATEGY?.....................................................................................................................................26
13.2 STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND THE BALANCED SCORECARD...............................................................................26
13.2.1 the balanced scorecard......................................................................................................................26
13.2.2 Strategy maps and the balanced scorecard.......................................................................................27
13.2.3 Features of a good balanced scorecard.............................................................................................27
CHAPTER H24 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT, COMPENSATION, AND MULTINATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.29
24.1 FINANCIAL AND NON-FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES...................................................................................29
24.2 ACCOUNTING-BASED MEASURES FOR BUSINESS UNITS..........................................................................................29
24.2.1 Return on Investment (ROI)................................................................................................................29
24.2.2 Residual income (RI)...........................................................................................................................30
24.2.3 Economic value added (EVA)..............................................................................................................30
24.2.4 Return on Sales (ROS).........................................................................................................................30
24.3 CHOOSING THE DETAILS OF THE PERFORMANCE MEASURES...................................................................................30
24.3.1 Alternative time Horizons...................................................................................................................30
24.3.2 Alternative definitions of investment.................................................................................................30
24.4 TARGET LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE AND FEEDBACK...............................................................................................30
24.4.1 Choosing target levels of performance..............................................................................................31
24.4.2 Choosing the timing of feedback........................................................................................................31
24.6 DISTINGUISHING THE PERFORMANCE MANAGERS FROM THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR SUBUNITS..................................31
24.6.1 The basic tradeoff: creating incentives versus imposing risk.............................................................31
CHAPTER 5 ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AND ACTIVITY-BASED MANAGEMENT................................................32
5.1 BROAD AVERAGING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES........................................................................................................32
5.1.1 Under costing and over costing............................................................................................................32
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