Samenvatting
Summary problem 1 European law: justice and home affairs
problem 1 European law: justice and home affairs
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Problem 1 – Internal and external frontiers of the European spaceIntroduction
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Legislation? / Where can you
find the Primary Legislation and where the Secondary Legislation?
Primary legislation forms the basis of the European union, it is quite general, the European
union at its core. Secondary legislation builds on the primary legislation to clarify and specify
it.
Primary legislation are treaties etc. that are passed by the parliament > these are in the book
Secondary legislation are f.e. directives and regulations with complementary rules by other
organs. > these are in the legislation reader
Both are online as well
Primary legislations
Treaty on the European union
Treaty on the functioning of the European union
Charter of the fundamental rights
Secondary legislation (art. 288 TFEU)
Regulations
Directives
Decisions
Recommendations& opinions
What is the difference between regulations and directives?
Regulations are binding on all member states
Directives: each state can fill in how they follow it, for example climate goals (f.e. ban
on single use plastic, its completely up to the member states how they do it) > depends
on the situation.
You can see whether it is a regulation or a directive in the name.
A regulation/directive always starts with a general part, with the subject/goal, who is it for,
definitions and human rights.
Always start your answer with Primary Legislation!
Para 32. Art. 21 = 23 in border legislation
, Problem 1 – Internal and external frontiers of the European space
Part A: Schengen (Layla, won’t you ease my worried mind)
1. What is the Schengen-area?
What is happening to the Schengen borders? (Guild, et al., 2015)
The Schengen area is an area comprising 22 European states and 4 non-EU states that have
officially abolished all passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders
(plus the six EU states outside Schengen: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the
UK).
Primary rule = There are no internal borders.
Primary law
The legal basis for Schengen is in Art. 77 and 79 TFEU.
The legal basis for the right to travel and reside in the territories of the MS lies in Art. 21.1
TFEU.
The goals of Schengen Border = Free movement which serve economic purposes.
, Problem 1 – Internal and external frontiers of the European space
What Is wrong with Schengen? (Cornelise, 2014)
Development of the Schengen area
1984: Commission White Paper on Completing the Internal Market formed the original
foundation for the area without internal frontiers as a distinctly European project.
Abolishment of internal borders was described as an important
political project, but much more emphasis was put on its economic
dimension by stressing market benefits; less costs and
disadvantages of a divided market.
1990: project of abolition of internal border control has not developed in proportional steps
with an EU policy on immigration by third-country nationals leading to some of current
problems.
Art. 13 of the Single European Act reflected the 1984 presidency
conclusions: internal market is an area without internal frontiers in
which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital
was ensured, would be realized by 1992. There was a disagreement
between Member States about what this obligation precisely
entailed.
As a result: Schengen developed outside the European legal order. Five Member
States in favor of further integration (France, Germany, The Netherlands,
Luxembourg, and Belgium) decided to do so in the framework of general international
law by concluding the Schengen Agreement in 1985 > it abolished frontier
checks between the states, largely as a response to large scale
protests by German commercial truck drivers against border delays
The area is named after the Agreement of Schengen (1985) between France, Germany and the
Benelux because of:
Absence of internal border controls (art. 77.1.a TFEU)
A common policy on external border controls (art. 77.1.b TFEU)
A common immigration policy (Art. 79 TFEU)
Shengen agreement
Principal objective= abolishing border controls between the participating states
Accompanying aims: reinforcement of the control of the external border
o Rules on the crossing of external borders
o Partial harmonization of visa policy
o Rights of free circulation for non-EU nationals in the territory of the MS
o Assignment of responsibility for the processing of asylum claims in their
territory.
The abolition of border controls on the movement of persons across the Schengen area
actually took place on 20 March 1995 (although France dragged its heels on account
of the Dutch policy on soft drugs).
, Problem 1 – Internal and external frontiers of the European space
Several EU MS joined Schengen: Italy, Greece, Denmark, Austria, Sweden and 2 non-
MS: Norway and Iceland.
Eventually the Treaty of Amsterdam (1999) integrated Schengen with the EU (lecture
1).
A lot of legal acts from the Schengen acquis have a legal basis in the treaties: art. 67,
77, 79 & 80 TFEU
By the end of 2007, all member states from 2004 had joined Schengen of no border
control (except Cyprus)
Conclusion: What Is wrong with Schengen?
This article uses Schengen’s crises in order to speak about flaws and inconsistencies in the
acquis (wetgeving). It argues that most of these flaws and inconsistencies can be traced back
to the way in which national and European competences have been delimited in this area
(demarcations which in turn betray the contradictory driving forces for Schengen integration)
Crises serve litmus tests: they can bring to light the hidden frailties (zwakten) and institutional
flaws of any arrangement. By analyzing Schengen, we can get useful insights beyond the area
of border control.
Shengen’s crises have brought to light a number of inconsistencies/flaws:
The Schengen system is not satisfactorily equipped to deal with asymmetric shocks
and structural imbalances. > this leads to calls for more Member State autonomy over
borders and immigration by third country nationals. > even though it is a result from
too little centralization.
The conceptual delinking of controls at the border and controls within Member States’
territory raises important questions with regard to who is supposed to benefit from the
area without internal frontiers.
it can be argued that the delimitation of the Schengen acquis by the ECJ sanctions a
vision of Schengen where measures of control and surveillance form an intrinsic part
of the area without internal borders. This is especially salient because measures
relating to legal immigration by third county nationals have been developed outside
the Schengen framework – which is contrary to the way a Europe without internal
borders was envisaged by its founders. ???
integration has gone hand in hand with the consolidation of national executive power,
most clearly visible with regard to surveillance within the territories of the Member
States,127 and external border control and immigration.
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