Summary Oxford University PPE Prelims: General Philosophy (Key Definitions & Concept Summaries)
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General Philosophy
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University Of Oxford
This document was created within a revision booklet for the Oxford University PPE Prelims examinations, and contains the central definitions and concepts within six topics of the General Philosophy Prelim paper:
1. Knowledge
2. Free Will
3. Mind & Body
4. Scepticism
5. Personal Identity
6. ...
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PPE
PHILOSOPHY PRELIMS:
General Philosophy
Contents
1. Knowledge
2. Free Will
3. Mind & Body
4. Scepticism
5. Personal Identity
6. God & the Problem of Evil
,TOPIC: Knowledge
Justified True Belief
The justified true belief account of knowledge states that the necessary and sufficient conditions for S
knowing that P are:
(i) P is true,
(ii) S believes that P, and
(iii) S is justified in believing that P.
The Causal Account
S knows that p if and only if the fact p is causally connected in an "appropriate" way with S's believing p.
Causality is the main requirement here- the belief, justification for belief and truth of the belief have to be
appropriately causally linked for the conditions to be sufficient for knowledge. GOLDMAN uses this to
disprove counterarguments to the JTB argument by saying that in cases where the JTB argument fails, it is
not because the three conditions are “faulty”- it is because they have not been “causally linked” correctly.
The different “appropriate causal links” according to Goldman’s account:
(i) Perception
(ii) Memory
(iii) A causal chain formed by inferences (including Testimony)
(iv) A mixture of (i) (ii) and (iii).
Nozick’s Truth-Tracking Account
Knowledge is based on the idea that:
(i) You have a true belief,
AND
(ii) The sensitivity requirement: If P weren’t true, you wouldn’t believe that P, and
(iii) The adherence requirement: If P were true, you would believe that P.
Bonjour’s Paper and the problems it brings up:
The Epistemic Regress Problem: this is the problem of how to avoid an infinite and presumably vicious
regress of justification in one’s account of the justification of empirical beliefs. The issue here is that the
justification for a particular belief is often inferred from another belief, whose justification is inferred from
another belief, and so on…
Foundationalist theories of empirical knowledge attempt to avoid the regress by locating a class of
empirical beliefs whose justification does not depend on that of other empirical beliefs. Foundationalism is
, based on the idea that this string of beliefs and justifications eventually reaches a core belief that is not
empirically inferred from any further belief, whilst still being justified. These are called basic beliefs.
The fundamental question of foundationalism is: how are basic beliefs possible?
The externalist solution posed by Bonjour is the idea that it may be possible for a basic truth to have reason
without a person having that basic belief to be aware of such a “reason”; that reasoning may be external to
a person’s subjective understanding.
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